Appendices - Resources & Conversion Tables

Resource Materials

New England Extension Websites:

University of Connecticut - CT IPM Fruit Pages: https://ipm.cahnr.uconn.edu/fruit/

University of Maine - UMaine Extension Small Fruits Page: https://extension.umaine.edu/agriculture/small-fruits/

University of Massachusetts - UMass Fruit Advisor Page: https://ag.umass.edu/fruit

University of New Hampshire - Fruit & Vegetable Production Page: https://extension.unh.edu/programs/fruit-vegetable-crops 

University of Rhode Island - URI Plant Protection Clinic: http://web.uri.edu/ceoc/plantclinic/, Rhode Island Fruit IPM page: http://web.uri.edu/ipm/

University of Vermont - Vermont Vegetable and Berry Grower Pages: https://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/


General References for all Berry Crops

Cornell Berries Page - for a wide range of excellent information and resources at: https://blogs.cornell.edu/berries/

Cornell Berry Diagnostic Tool - https://blogs.cornell.edu/berrytool/

Cornell Berry Soil and Nutrient Management; A Guide for Educators and Growers (2016) - https://blogs.cornell.edu/berries/productions/berry-soil-and-nutrient-management-a-guide-for-educators-and-growers/

Cornell Berry Webinar Series - eighteen archived webinars on all aspects of small fruit production. Go to https://blogs.cornell.edu/berries/ipm/berry-webinars/

Cornell Nursery Guide for Berry and Small Fruit Crops - for locating nurseries that sell specific cultivars of berry crops; https://blogs.cornell.edu/berrynurseries/

Cornell Pest Management Guidelines for Berry Crops - $28 https://cropandpestguides.cce.cornell.edu

Managing Cover Crops Profitably, 3rd Edition - 2007. An excellent resource on all aspects of using a wide variety of cover crops. https://www.sare.org/publications/covercrops/covercrops.pdf

Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide - 2023-2024. The Midwest Fruit Workers Group. https://ag.purdue.edu/department/hla/extension/sfg-sprayguide.html

Northwest Berry Foundation 'Small Fruit Update' - https://nwberryfoundation.org/the-small-fruit-update

Ontario Diseases, Pests, and Beneficial Organisms of Strawberry, Raspberry, and Blueberry Guide - www.apsnet.org/apsstore/shopapspress/pages/02301.aspx  (2013) - Available from APS Press. $59.

Oregon State University Berries, Table Grapes & Kiwifruit page - https://extension.oregonstate.edu/crop-production/berries

TunnelBerries Project - a collaboration among 10 Universities, USDA and others to advance knowledge about berry production in tunnels; outreach now archived at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLujqQ1oVtGFL-vhDZsXOtg/featured

Weeds of the Northeast. 1997. R. H. Uva, J. C. Neal, and J. M. DiTomaso. Cornell University Resource Center, 7 Cornell Business & Tech. Park, Ithaca NY 14850. 607-255-2080. 397 pp. $29.95 https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780801483349/weeds-of-the-northeast/#bookTabs=1

 


Production Budgets:

Cornell Berry Budgets - Production budgets designed to help estimate production costs and returns; https://blogs.cornell.edu/berries/productions/berry-budgets/

Penn State Enterprise & Production Budgets - Information about using enterprise budgets: https://extension.psu.edu/budgeting-for-agricultural-decision-making


References for Strawberry:

Growing Strawberries in Wisconsin - https://barron.extension.wisc.edu/files/2023/02/Growing-Strawberries-in-Wisconsin.pdf

High Tunnel Strawberry Production: - 2019. Maughan et al.  Utah State University Cooperative Extension: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3056&context=extension_curall

Midwest Strawberry Production Guide - 2006. M. A. Ellis et al.  The Ohio State University Extension. https://extensionpubs.osu.edu/midwest-strawberry-production-guide-pdf/.

Ontario Strawberry Crop IPM - This is an excellent site for guidance on IPM practices in strawberry crop management.  www.omafra.gov.on.ca/IPM/english/strawberries/index.html

Season-Long Strawberry Production with Everbearers for Northeastern Producers- 2010. W. Lantz, H. Swartz, K. Demchak and S. Frick.  Available online at http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/SARE-Project-Products/Northeast-SARE-Project-Products/Season-Long-Strawberry-Production-with-Everbearers-for-Northeastern-Producers.

Low Tunnel Strawberry Production Guide - 2018. K. Orde, B. Sideman, M. Prittsand K. Demchak. University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension Publication. https://extension.unh.edu/resources/files/Resource007429_Rep10703.pdf

Mitcham, E. (2014). Strawberry. In USDA Handbook 66: The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks. USDA ARS. p. 559-560. https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/oc/np/CommercialStorage/CommercialStorage.pdf#page=569

 Nunes, M. C. N., Brecht, J. K., Morais, A. M. M. B., & Sargent, S. A. (1995). Physical and chemical quality characteristics of strawberries after storage are reduced by a short delay to cooling. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 6(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-5214(94)00048-W

Nunes, M. C. N., Brecht, J. K., Sargent, S. A., & Morais, A. M. M. B. (1995). Effects of delays to cooling and wrapping on strawberry quality (cv. Sweet Charlie). Food Control, 6(6), 323–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-7135(95)00024-0

Boyette, M., Wilson, L. G., & Estes, E. (2017). Postharvest Cooling and Handling of Strawberries (No. AG-413-02). NC State Extension. Retrieved from https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/postharvest-cooling-and-handling-of-strawberries

 


References for Highbush Blueberry:

Compendium of Blueberry, Cranberry and Lingonberry Diseases. 2017. J. J. Polashock, F. L. Caruso, A. L. Averill and A. C. Schilder, editors. American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul. MN. 231 pp. $149.  www.apsnet.org/apsstore/shopapspress/Pages/45362.aspx

Highbush Blueberry Production Guide. 1992. Marvin Pritts and James Hancock, eds. Plant and Life Sciences Publishing (formerly NRAES). 200 pages (168 color photos) $42.  Order or download low resolution copy at: https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/66931

Perkins-Veazie, P. (2014). Blueberry. In USDA Handbook 66: The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks. USDA ARS. p. 559-560. Retrieved from https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/oc/np/CommercialStorage/CommercialStorage.pdf#page=250

Kozos, K., Ochmian, I., & Chełpiński, P. (2015). The effects of rapid chilling and storage conditions on the quality of Brigitta Blue cultivar highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). Folia Horticulturae, 26(2), 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1515/fhort-2015-0006

Jackson, E. D., Sanford, K. A., Lawrence, R. A., McRae, K. B., & Stark, R. (1999). Lowbush blueberry quality changes in response to prepacking delays and holding temperatures. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 15(2), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(98)00075-1


References for Brambles:

Brambles-Production, Management and Marketing 1999. R. C. Funt, M. A. Ellis, and C. Welty, eds. The Ohio State University Cooperative Extension Publications, 2021 Coffey Rd., Rm. 216, Columbus Ohio 43210-1044, 614-292-1607. $18.25 https://extensionpubs.osu.edu/brambles-production-management-and-marketing/

Compendium of Raspberry and Blackberry Diseases and Insects. 1991. Michael A. Ellis, Richard H. Converse, Roger N. Williams and Brian Williamson, eds. American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul MN. 100 pp. $69 1-800-328-7560. https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/9780890545720

Growing Raspberries in Wisconsinhttp://learningstore.uwex.edu/Assets/pdfs/A1610.pdf

Raspberry and Blackberry Production Guide for the Northeast, Midwest and Eastern Canada. 2008. L. Bushway, M. Pritts and D. Handley, eds. Plant and Life Sciences Publishing (formerly NRAES). 157 pages (134 color photos) $37.  Order or download low resolution copy at: https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/66930 

Perkins-Veazie, P. (2014). Blueberry. In USDA Handbook 66: The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks. USDA ARS. p. 530-532. Retrieved from https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/oc/np/CommercialStorage/CommercialStorage.pdf#page=540

Perkins-Veazie, P., & Fernandez, G. (2013). Postharvest Handling and Storage of Blackberries and Raspberries. North Carolina State University.https://rubus.ces.ncsu.edu/rubus-postharvest-handling-and-storage-of-blackberries-and-raspberies/

Pritts, M. (2013). Raspberries and Related Fruit. Cornell University. http://www.plantgrower.org/uploads/6/5/5/4/65545169/rasprelfru.pdf

Samtani, J., & Kushad, M. (2015). A Longer Marketing Life for Blackberry and Raspberry Fruit. Virginia Cooperative Extension.http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/content/dam/pubs_ext_vt_edu/423/423-701/423-701-pdf.pdf


References for Grape:

Compendium of Grape Diseases, 2015. http://my.apsnet.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=44792.   Wayne Wilcox, D. Gubler, and J. K. Uyemoto, editors. American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN. 232 pp. $119.

Effective Vineyard Spraying - A Practical Guide for Growers (2nd Edition). 2017. Andrew Landers. $60. https://effectivespraying.com/?page_id=339

Growing Grapes in Wisconsin –  http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/A1656.pdf 

New York and Pennsylvania Pest Management Recommendations for Grapes. Publications Distribution Center, The PennState Univ., 112 Ag. Admin. Bldg., University Park, PA 16802. 814-865-6713. https://www.cornellstore.com/2023-PMEP-Guide-for-NY-and-PA-Grape-Mgmt-2?location=&quantity=1&size=85

Northern Grapes Project - This is an excellent compilation of resources for growing grapes in colder climates.  http://northerngrapesproject.org

Ontario Grape Crop IPM - http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/IPM/english/grapes/index.html

Table Grape Varieties for Cool Climates. 1993. Bruce Reisch, et al., Cornell Cooperative Extension, Finger Lakes Grape Program, 110 Court St., Penn Yan NY 14527. $4.75. http://www.hort.cornell.edu/reisch/grapegenetics/bulletin/table/tableindex2.html

VineSmith Vineyard Spray Guides - $64 Order at: http://www.vinesmith.com/spray-guides/

Wine and Juice Grape Varieties for Cool Climates. 1993. Bruce Reisch, et al., Cornell Cooperative Extension, Finger Lakes Grape Program, 110 Court St., Penn Yan NY 14527. $4.75. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/3558/Wine%20and%20Juice%20Grape%20Varieties%20for%20Cool%20Climates.pdf?sequence=2

Wine Grape Production Guide for Eastern North America (2008) - Tony Wolf, et al. Order at: https://www.cornellstore.com/PALS-Wine-Grape-Production-Guide-NRAES-145


References for Currants, Gooseberries and other Unusual Small Fruits:

Currants and Gooseberries Culture Guide, 1997. Monique Audette and Michel Lareau, CPVQ, 845 rue Marie-Vicorin, Saint-Nicholas Quebec, Canada. G7A 3S8 (418)831-7474. $10

Currants, Gooseberries and Jostaberries, A Guide for Growers, Marketers, and Researchers in North America, 2005. Daniel Barney and Kim Hummer, Haworth Press. $34.95.

Growing Currants, Gooseberries, & Elderberries in Wisconsin - learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/A1960.PDF

Growing and Marketing Elderberries in Missouri, 2012. P. Beyers et al. University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry. www.sare.org/Learning-Center/SARE-Project-Products/North-Central-SARE-Project-Products/Growing-and-Marketing-Elderberries-in-Missouri

The Lingonberry: a versatile Wild Cranberry, 1996. Richard St. Pierre. Dept. of Hort Science, Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada.

Lingonberry Production Guide for the Pacific Northwest, 2006. R. Penhallegon. Oregon State University. catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/pnw583

Growing Kiwiberries in New England: An online guide for regional producers. 2021. I. Hale, University of New Hampshire. https://www.noreastkiwiberries.com/

Uncommon Fruits Worthy of Attention. 1991. Lee Reich. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., Inc. $10.


Organic Small Fruit Production:

Strawberry -
ATTRA Organic Strawberry Production Guide - https://attra.ncat.org/publication/strawberries-organic-production/
Cornell 2022 Organic Production and IPM Guide for Strawberries - https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/42890.3
Blueberry -
ATTRA Organic Blueberry Production Guide - https://attra.ncat.org/publication/blueberries-organic-production/
Cornell 2022 Organic Production and IPM Guide for Blueberries - https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/42887.3
Raspberry/Blackberry -
ATTRA Organic Bramble Production Guide - https://attra.ncat.org/publication/brambles-organic-production/
Cornell 2022 Organic Production and IPM Guide for Raspberries & Blacberries - https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/42889.3
Grape-
ATTRA Organic Grape Production Guide - https://attra.ncat.org/publication/grapes-organic-production/
Cornell 2016 Organic Production and IPM Guide for Grapes - https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/42888.3
Ohio Organic Small Fruit Disease Mgt Guidelineshttps://u.osu.edu/fruitpathology/organic-small-fruit-disease-management-guidelines-2/

Field Supplies

Beneficial Organisms (partial list)

Beneficial Insectary
9664 Tanqueray Ct.
Redding, CA 96003
Phone: (530) 226-6300/(800) 477-3715
Fax: (530)226-6310/(888) 472-0708
Email: info@insectary.com
Web site: www.insectary.com

Biobest Biological Systems
P.O. Box 506
McFarland, CA 93250
Phone: (855) 224-6237
Fax: (661) 792-6880
Email: info@biobest-use.com
Web site: www.biobestgroup.com

Biocontrol Network
5116 Williamsburg Rd.
Brentwood, TN 37027
(800)441-2847
Website: http://www.biconet.com

IPM Laboratories, Inc.
980 Main Street
Locke, New York 13092
Phone: (315) 497-2063
FAX: (315) 497-3129
Email: ipminfo@ipmlabs.com
Website: www.ipmlabs.com

Koppert Biological Systems
28465 Beverly Road
Romulus, MI 48174
(734) 641-3763
e-mail: info@koppertonline.com
www.koppertonline.com

Rincon-Vitova Insectaries, Inc.
P.O. Box 1555
Ventura, CA 93002
Phone: (805) 643-5407/(800) 248-2847
Fax: (805) 643-6267
Email: bugnet@rinconvitova.com
Website: www.rinconvitova.com

IPM Traps, Lures, and Baits (partial list)

Great Lakes IPM
10220 Church St., NE
Vestaburg, MI 48891
(517)268-5693
http://www.greatlakesipm.com/

Gempler’s, Inc
211 Blue Mounds Rd., P.O. Box 270
Mr. Horeb, WI 53572
(800)332-6744
http://www.gemplers.com/

IPM Laboratories, Inc.
980 Main Street
Locke, New York 13092
Phone: (315) 497-2063
FAX: (315) 497-3129
Email: ipminfo@ipmlabs.com
Website: www.ipmlabs.com

Trece, Inc.
7569 Highway 28 West
P.O. Box 129
Adair, OK 74330
(866)785-1313
https://www.trece.com/

Various Field Supplies

Orchard Equipment and Supply Co. (OESCO) (for hand tools, sprayer equipment and replacement supplies, respirators and personal protection equipment, and other farm supplies)
P.O. Box 540. Rte. 116
Conway, MA 01341
(800)634-5557
https://www.oescoinc.com/

BioQuip Products (for aspirators, sweep nets, beating sheets, vials, magnifiers, and other collection supplies)
17803 LaSalle Avenue
Gardena, CA 90248
(310)324-0620
http://www.bioquip.com/default.asp

Forestry Suppliers, Inc. (for magnifiers, optivisors, tally counters, and other field supplies)
P.O. Box 8397
Jackson, MI 39284
(800)752-8460
http://www.forestry-suppliers.com/

Bird-X, Inc. (scare devices, balloons, reflective tape, netting)
300 N. Elizabeth St.
Chicago, IL 60607
(800)860-0473
http://www.bird-x.com

Irrigation Supplies and Equipment

Brookdale Irrigation Supplies (drip irrigation supplies and design)
Trevor Hardy
41 Broad St.
Hollis, NH, 03049
(603)465-2240 x 3
tractortrv@aol.com
www.brookdalefruitfarm.com/irrigation/

Belle Terre Irrigation (drip irrigation supplies and design)
8142 Champlin Rd.
Sodus, NY 14551
(866)478-3747
http://www.dripsupply.com/

Charles W. Harris Co., Inc (drip irrigation supplies and design)
72 Tower Hill Rd.
Brimfield, MA 01010
(413)668-5006
jbpeeler@tmlp.com

Pollinators

Crown Bees
13410 NE 177th Place
Woodinville, WA, 98072
425-949-7954
email: info@crownbees.com
Website: https://crownbees.com/

Koppert Biological Systems, Inc.
8465 Beverly Road
Romulus, MI 48174-2497
(734) 641-3763
http://www.koppertonline.com

Entomo-Logic, Inc.
21323 232nd St. SE
Monroe, WA 98272-8982
(425) 280-0423
http://www.entomologic.com

International Pollination Systems USA
16645 Plum Rd.
Caldwell, ID 83605
208-990-1390
http://www.pollination.com/

Conversion Tables and Compatibility Notes

Common and Useful Conversion Factors

Table 59. Conversion factors to convert from one unit to another.
TO CONVERT FROM TO MULTIPLY BY
lb/A lb/100 sq ft 0.0023
tn/A lb/100sq ft 4.6
lb/A kg/ha 1.12
kg/ha lb/A 0.893
lb oz 16
qt of fruit lb of fruit 1.5
qt pt 2.0
pt qt 0.5
pt cup 2.0
gal of liquid lb of liquid 8.3
STRAWBERRIES
lb/A lb/100 ft of row 0.008
yield in lb/100 ft of row lb/A 125
yield in qt/100 ft of row b/A 188
RASPBERRIES
lb/A lb/100 ft of row .0184
lb/A oz/plant 0.009
yield in lb/100 ft of row lb/A 55
yield in pt/100 of row lb/A 73
BLUEBERRIES
lb/A oz/plant 0.015
yield in lb/100 ft of row lb/A 44
yield in qt/100 ft of row lb/A 58
CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES
lb/A oz/plant 0.012
lb/A lb/100 ft. of row 0.0184
Yield in lb/100 ft of row lb/A 55
Yield in pt/10 ft of row lb/A 73
 

 

Table 60. Approximate dilutions for small volumes of spray mixes.
Formulation 100 gallonsa 5 gallons 3 gallons 1 gallon
Wettable Powder 5 lbs 4 oz.  (113 g) 2.4 oz. (68 g) 0.8 oz. (23 g)
  4 lbs 3.2 oz. (90 g) 1.9 oz. (54 g) 0.6 oz. (20 g)
  3 lbs 2.4 oz. (68 g) 1.4 oz. (41 g) 0.5 oz. (14 g)
  2 lbs 1.6 oz. (45 g) 1.0 oz. (27 g) 0.3 oz. (10 g)
  1 lbs 0.8 oz. (23 g) 0.5 oz. (14 g) 0.2 oz. (5 g)
  0.5 lb 0.4 oz. (11 g) 0.25 oz (7 g) 0.1 oz. (2 g)
Emulsifiable Concentrate 5 gallons 1 quart 1.25 pint 13 tablespoons
  4 gallons 1.5 pint 1 pint 10 tablespoons
  3 gallons 1.25 pint 0.75 pint (1.5 cup) 8 tablespoons (0.5 cup)
  2 gallons 0.75 pint (1.5 cup) 0.5 pint (1 cup) 5 tablespoons
  1 gallon 0.5 pint (1 cup) 8 tablespoons (0.5 cup) 3 tablespoons
  1 quart 3 tablespoons 2 tablespoons 2 teaspoons
  1 pint

5 teaspoons

 

1 tablespoon 1 teaspoon

If label specifies 5 pounds of a WP per 100 gallons of spray solution, read across the chart to determine amount required smaller spray volumes.

Use of Tablespoons/Volume Measurements for Dry Materials

The number of tablespoons per ounce or gram, or cups per pound, of dry materials varies greatly from product to product. Some materials are light and fluffy, others compact and heavy. In general, there are 2-6 level tablespoons per ounce of these dry materials. When measuring a material that you will use again, it can be helpful to weigh out the amount needed and place it in a convenient container that can be easily marked. 

Spray Mixture Compatibility Notes

This information is offered only as a general guide, and does not apply to pesticidal efficacy of mixtures. Read the label for specific crops or situations. Compatibilities indicated may be changed by certain adjuvants, different formulations, combinations of more than 2 materials, and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity.

  • When potential compatibility is indicated, minimum agitation should be provided in all cases.
  • Designations apply to at least one formulation of specified products. In cases where compatibility differs among formulations, the most conservative designation has been given. Defer to respective labels in all cases.
  • Unless otherwise noted on the label, use soon after mixing, preferably in systems with continuous agitation.
  • Physical compatibility: Although there may be no chemical incompatibility between the active ingredients of 2 given pesticides, some formulations of these products may not be physically compatible. This is particularly true whenmixing at high concentrations and when mixing wettable powders with emulsifiable concentrates. It is recommended that a small batch of a proposed mixture be prepared before making tank combinations, to check for unacceptable physical reactions.

Suggested Mixing Sequence

When mixing spray materials, always mix in the following order, starting with:

  1. water soluble bags (WS)
  2. water dispersible granules and dry flowables (WDG, DF)
  3. wettable powders (WP)
  4. liquid flowables (L, F, FC)
  5. sprayable concentrates (S, SC, LC)
  6. emulsifiable concentrates (EC)
  7. surfactants, oils, and adjuvants

Do not add oils, surfactants, or emulsifiable concentrates prior to dry formulations, or lumping may occur.

Tips for Laundering Pesticide-Contaminated Clothing

Air

Hang garments outdoors to air.

Pre-rinse

Use one of three methods:

  1. Hose off garments outdoors.
  2. Rinse in separate tub or pail.
  3. Rinse in automatic washer at full water level.

Pretreat (heavily soiled garments)

Use heavy-duty liquid detergent.

Washer Load

Wash garments separate from family wash.
Wash garments contaminated with the same pesticide together.

Load Size

Wash only a few garments at once.

Water Level

Use full water level.

Water Temperature

Use hot water, 140 ̊F or higher.

Wash Cycle

Use regular 12-minute wash cycle.

Laundry Detergent

Use a heavy-duty detergent.
Use amount recommended on package or more for heavy soil or hard water.

Rinse

Use a full warm rinse.

Dry

Line drying is preferable, to avoid contaminating dryer.

Clean Washer

Run complete, but empty, cycle.
Use hot water and detergent.

Rewash

Rewash contaminated garments two or three times before reuse for more complete pesticide removal.

Other Tips

Remove contaminated clothing before entering enclosed tractor cabs.

Remove contaminated clothing outdoors or in an entry. If a granular pesticide was used, shake clothing outdoors. Empty pockets and cuffs.

Save clothing worn while handling pesticides for that use only. Keep separate from other clothing before, during, and after laundering.

Wash contaminated clothing after each use. When applying pesticides daily, wash clothing daily.

Never use the “sudsaver” feature on your machine when laundering pesticide-soiled clothes.

Clean gloves, aprons, boots, rigid hats, respirators, and eyewear by scrubbing with detergent and warm water.

Rinse thoroughly and hang in a clean area to dry.

Take these precautions when handling contaminated clothing:

  • Ventilate area.
  • Avoid inhaling steam from washer or dryer.
  • Wash hands thoroughly.
  • Consider wearing chemical-resistant gloves.
  • Keep out of reach of children and pets.