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Landscape Message: October 4, 2019

October 4, 2019
Issue: 
21

UMass Extension's Landscape Message is an educational newsletter intended to inform and guide Massachusetts Green Industry professionals in the management of our collective landscape. Detailed reports from scouts and Extension specialists on growing conditions, pest activity, and cultural practices for the management of woody ornamentals, trees, and turf are regular features. The following issue has been updated to provide timely management information and the latest regional news and environmental data.

The Landscape Message will be updated monthly October through December. The next message will be available on November 1. To receive immediate notification when the next Landscape Message update is posted, be sure to join our e-mail list.

To read individual sections of the message, click on the section headings below to expand the content:


Scouting Information by Region

Environmental Data

The following data was collected on or about October 2, 2019. Total accumulated growing degree days (GDD) represent the heating units above a 50° F baseline temperature collected via our instruments for the 2019 calendar year. This information is intended for use as a guide for monitoring the developmental stages of pests in your location and planning management strategies accordingly.

MA Region/Location

GDD

Soil Temp
(°F at 4" depth)

Precipitation
(2-Week Gain)

Time/Date of Readings

2-Week Gain

2019 Total

Sun

Shade

CAPE

188

2464

63

61

0.65

12:00 PM 10/2

SOUTHEAST

186.5

2595.5

72

68

1.25

1:30 PM 10/2

NORTH SHORE

191

2520.5

63

62

0.55

9:30 AM 10/2

EAST

201

2747

64

61

0.52

5:00 PM 10/2

METRO

145

2446

62

61

1.77

6:30 AM 10/2

CENTRAL

195

2593

61

59

0.25

1:00 PM 10/2

PIONEER VALLEY

183

2624.5

67

63

0.28

12:00 PM 10/2

BERKSHIRES

147

2293.5

67

62

1.29

9:45 AM 10/2

AVERAGE

180

2536

65

62

0.82

-

n/a = information not available

As of October 3, about two thirds of the state is in category D0 - 'abnormally dry' - according to the US Drought Monitor: https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?MA

Massachusetts state water use restrictions officially ended on 9/30 and the watch on water resources will resume next May. For reference, see the last map for this year, dated 9/23: https://www.mass.gov/service-details/outdoor-water-use-restrictions-for-cities-towns-and-golf-courses

Regional Notes

Cape Cod Region (Barnstable)

There is no regional report for this issue.

Southeast Region (Dighton)

General Conditions: Leaves are falling and accumulating on lawn areas as cooler weather and shorter day-lengths have arrived. While we have had some rain, soils are still quite dry and many plants are wilted, or have dropped their leaves prematurely. Early color can be seen in maples, burning bush, sumacs, and poison ivy. The following plants are in flower: Franklin tree (Franklinia alatamaha), rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syracuse), Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica), Hosta spp., Aster spp., goldenrods (Soldago spp.), Lobelia siphilitica, Montauk daisy, (Nipponanthemum nipponicum), Sedum 'Autumn Joy', Russian sage (Perovskia atriplicifolia), Rosa 'Knockout', and autumn Clematis (C. paniculata).

Pests/Problems: Dry conditions remain the greatest peril for plants. Be sure to see that plantings receive at least one inch of water weekly. It's always best to calibrate your irrigation. If you don't measure, you don't know. Pay particular attention to newly established plantings. Ash rust can be observed on turf near coastal areas. Mosquitoes carrying EEE remain an issue and will continue to do so until we have a hard frost. There have been more than ten cases of infection and three fatalities reported. Ticks are also active. Be sure that workers avoid areas where these insects, and in the case of ticks, insect relatives, are present; wear appropriate clothing and repellents. (See Insect report below for more information on both EEE and ticks.)

North Shore (Beverly)

General Conditions: The weather in the last two weeks has been variable, from cloudy days with overcast skies to a few sunny days. Day temperatures ranged from low 60s to mid-80s. Temperatures above 80 degrees Fahrenheit were recorded for 4 days during the first part of this reporting period. Night temperatures were mostly in low to mid 50s during this period. Approximately 0.55 inches of rainfall were recorded at Long Hill during this two-week period. This was not enough to make much difference because it has been dry for several weeks. Plants seen in bloom include: chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus), Russian Daphne (Daphne x transatlantica), white fountain bush clover (Lespedeza thunbergii), false Aster (Boltonia asteroides), chocolate Joe Pye weed (Eupatorium rugosum), plumbago (Ceratostigma plumbaginoides), turtle head (Chelone spp.), hardy Begonia (Begonia grandis), Japanese Anemone (Anemone x hybrida), garden Phlox (Phlox paniculata), autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale) and some annuals such as garden mums.

Pests/Problems: Virginia tiger moth caterpillar (Spilosoma virginica) was observed in the perennial garden but was causing minimal damage. Magnolia scale continue to be observed on branches of some Magnolia trees. Small infestations can be removed by pruning out infested branches or you can apply horticultural oil or other pesticides labeled for use on scale. Make sure to read and follow the directions on the label. Powdery mildew continues to be seen on lilac, bee balm (Monarda), Rudbeckia and Phlox. Mosquito activity will continue to decline as we get into the low fall temperatures, but ticks will continue to be active whenever temperatures are above freezing. Remember to protect yourself with repellent when working outdoors especially at dawn and dusk. (See Insect report below for more information on both EEE and ticks.)

autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale)  photo: Geoffrey Njue

East Region (Boston)

General Conditions: We have experienced unpredictable weather patterns throughout September. On September 19 we reached a low of 42˚F as we welcomed fall on September 23 with a high of 90˚F. Over the last two weeks, we have received 0.52 inches of precipitation; we have gained 201.0 GDDs bringing the total to 2747.0 so far on the year. Temperatures have fluctuated greatly over the last two weeks. Highs have ranged from 62˚F to 90˚F, averaging 76˚F; lows have ranged from 42˚F to 66˚F, averaging 52˚F. Over these last two weeks, we experienced both the warmest and coldest temperatures of the month. Overall during September, we have received 1.4 inches of rain. Fall color is beginning to show on ash, birch, dogwood and maple. Late blooming perennials and fruit are adding color to the landscape.

Pests/Problems: Dry soils are a major concern. Premature leaf drop is evident while some mature plants are holding brown leaves. Drought sensitive plants’ leaves are showing signs of stress. (See Insect report below for information on both EEE and ticks.)

Metro West (Acton)

General Conditions: We welcomed autumn during this two-week reporting period on the 23rd of September, but it sure felt like summer these past couple of weeks with temperatures well into the 70s and 80s. A high of 89°F was recorded on the 23rd and yet a low of 33°F was recorded on the 19th. Despite the warm weather, there are signs of autumn visible in the landscape including the red foliage on maples, the yellow foliage on ashes, birches and honey locusts, and shortened day lengths. In some stage of bloom at this time are the following plants: Aster spp. (New England aster, New York aster, smoother aster, white wood aster), Buddleia spp. (butterfly bush), Chelone lyonii (pink turtlehead), Hibiscus syriacus (rose-of-Sharon), Hemerocallis spp. (daylily), Hosta spp. (plantain lily), Kirengeshoma palmata (yellow wax bells), Nipponanthemum nipponicum (Montauk daisy), Perovskia atriplicifolia (Russian sage), Phlox carolina (Carolina Phlox), P. paniculata (garden Phlox), Potentilla fruiticosa (Potentilla), Sedum ‘Autumn Joy’, S. ‘Rosy Glow’ (stonecrop), and Solidago spp. (goldenrod). Plants are heavy with fruit, seed, pomes, and nuts which are providing some additional interest in the landscape. Noted were the red fruits on Convallaria majalis (lily of the valley), Cornus florida (flowering dogwood), C. kousa (Kousa dogwood) and Ilex verticilata (winterberry). A variety of colors and sizes of fruits were seen on Callicarpa dichotoma (beautyberry), Cornus racemosa (gray dogwood), Crataegus spp. (hawthorn), Malus spp. (apple and crabapple), Rosa spp. (rose), Sorbus spp. (mountain ash), and Viburnum spp. Lovely are the seed heads on ornamental grasses: Chasmanthium latifolium (northern sea oats), Miscanthus spp. (maiden grass), Panicum virgatum (switch grass), and Pennisetum alopecuroides (fountain grass). Decorative seed pods were seen on Catalpa, sepals on Heptacodium miconioides (seven-son flower), and nuts on Carya spp. (hickory), Juglans spp. (walnut) and Quercus spp. (oak).

Pests/Problems: The dry weather pattern continued throughout this reporting period and as a result, the United States Drought Monitor has declared this reporting area abnormally dry as of September 24; (https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?MA). September’s average rainfall is 3.77” and a total of 1.76” was recorded for the month. Let’s hope that we receive more rain in the coming month now that the fall planting season is upon us. (See Insect report below for information on both EEE and ticks.)

Central Region (Boylston)

General Conditions: Wild temperature swings occurred during this reporting period. The majority of the time it felt more like summer than fall, with high temperatures well into the 80’s for several days, even touching the low 90’s on September 23. Despite the unseasonably warm (hot) temperatures, we did experience our first light frost on September 19, when overnight temperatures dipped into the mid-30’s. There is still much in bloom in the garden and we are seeing a heavy fruit set on many ornamental shrubs. Most native asters are in full bloom, including Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (New England aster) and Symphyotrichum cordifolium (blue wood aster). Ilex verticillata (winterberry holly) and its various cultivars are covered in fruit at this time of year. Although eaten by birds eventually, winterberry holly fruit makes a fabulous display in late fall and early winter after leaf drop. Fall color is slow to develop, but intense on shrubs like Itea virginica (Virginia sweetspire) and Fothergilla gardenii (dwarf Fothergilla), and trees like Acer saccharum (sugar maple) and Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash).

Pests/Problems: Drought appears to be the only major plant health issue in the garden at this time of year. We had several small rain events throughout the reporting period, but only 0.25 inches of measurable precipitation. (See Insect report below for information on both EEE and ticks.)

Chrysanthemum weyrichii 'White Bomb', chrysanthemum Chelone lyonii 'Hot Lips', pink turtlehead Geranium 'Gerwat', Rozanne cranesbill Ilex verticillata 'Red Sprite', winterberry holly Ilex verticillata 'Winter Red', winterberry holly Pseudolarix amabilis, golden larch Itea virginica 'Henry's Garnet', Virginia sweetspire Lobelia speciosa 'Fan Scarlet', hybrid cardinal flower Physocarpus opulifolius 'Diabolo', common ninebark and Malus 'Prairifire', Prairie Fire crabapple

Pioneer Valley Region (Amherst)

General Conditions: October is here and spectacular fall foliage is really starting to develop for maple, beech and birch. These three genera are the core components of the northern hardwood forest type and produce some of the best autumn colors. However, much of the Pioneer Valley occupies the transition hardwood zone, where northern hardwoods blend with the central hardwoods, with the latter primarily composed of oaks and hickories. Since many oak species can have rather drab colors in autumn, the colors tend to be less remarkable in locations where oaks dominate. For oaks and beeches having a mast year, large numbers of acorns and beech nuts have been shed at this time. According to the U.S. Forest Service Silvics Manual, northern red oak (Quercus rubra) begins to produce seed at approximately 25-years-old but will usually not produce a bounteous crop until age 50. Additionally, it can take up to 500 acorns to produce a single, one-year-old oak seedling, due to the vast number of insects and animals that consume acorns. That number is probably even higher this year given the acorn pip gall wasp outbreak. Mast years for red oak occur roughly every 2–5 years. Squirrel feeding has been observed on mature oaks around the UMass campus. Terminal shoots, approximately 8–12″ in length, have been chewed off and are strewn around the base. It’s likely they were snipped so the squirrels could consume sap, given how dry it’s been in recent weeks. Turfgrasses in full sun are mostly browning and parched but exceptions exist. In shaded areas, turf is faring much better after this dry, late summer/early autumn stretch. Overall, daytime temperatures were mild and we experienced many cool nights over this past reporting period. Summer made brief returns on 9/22 and 9/23 when temperatures peaked into the upper 80s and lower 90s and dew points hovered in the mid-60s. The sun has been abundant and bright although the long-term forecast calls for more unsettled weather. Hopefully it will bring some much-needed rainfall.

Pests/Problems: According the U.S. Drought Monitor, the majority of the tri-county region is experiencing abnormally dry (D0) conditions. The dry late season weather is a concern as trees and shrubs prepare for dormancy, because drought stress inhibits their ability to properly acclimate for cold weather. Apple scab and Marssonina leaf blotch have completely defoliated some apple and crabapple trees at this point. Many other trees have browning, blotched and blighted leaves due, in part, to the dry weather. But this is typical for October in the area. Continue to water young and recently transplanted trees and shrubs in the landscape, especially those in full sun. When the leaves drop on deciduous plants, significantly reduce irrigation to prevent saturated soils from developing. Conifers should be regularly watered through the month. The needle blight pathogen Rhizosphaera can be active causing disease at this time, notably on blue spruce, white spruce and white fir. Spores of Rhizosphaera can persist for weeks on dry needles until enough precipitation occurs to allow for spore germination and invasion into the needle. Some cankering pathogens are also active during the autumn season, attacking trees that are going dormant for the season. The target canker pathogen, Neonectria galligena, is a good example. No-see-ums or gnats continue to be especially annoying this year. It’s been a poor season for mushrooms so far with the dry weather. The brown cubical rot pathogen, Phaeolus schweinitzii, has been present, along with a few other root and butt rot fungi (Ganoderma sessile and Niveoporofomes spraguei). However, many mycorrhizal and saprophytic fungi have been harder to come by, especially in comparison to last year.

Berkshire Region (Great Barrington)

General Conditions: The first touch of frost for the season occurred in a few locations on the morning of September 19. The frost was quite localized, i.e. limited to low spots. Anyone driving at dawn that morning would have noticed rising temperatures as they drove up hills. However, following that bit of chill, the high temperatures from 9/21 to 9/23 were in the 80s, topping off with 85˚F on the 23rd. Other than those three days, the weather over most of the two-week monitoring period was quite beautiful - sunny with mild temperatures. For the most part, it was dry except for a few brief showers. Fall color has been steadily advancing and looks like it will peak by Columbus Day. Rainfall, as measured at Pittsfield Airport, is 2.1 inches below normal for the year. However, much of the total year to date figure is skewed due to frequent rains in spring. Since the beginning of summer, conditions have often been quite dry for long stretches of time. As such, many trees are stressed and have been either showing early fall color or have been prematurely dropping their leaves. Much of the leaf drop is also due to foliar diseases which were quite common this year, most likely due to wet conditions at bud break. Compared to last year at this time, total rainfall year-to-date is 9.1 inches less. Though pest populations are low at this time, the population of bees - more bumble bees than smaller species – and butterflies are quite high. The bees and butterflies are particularly attracted to composites, currently dominating the floral scenery. Turfgrass growth is still slow and brown patches in lawns are not uncommon. With the rain of the past two days, soil moisture levels are good and that is good news for fall planted trees, shrubs, and herbaceous perennials.

Pests/Problems: Few plant pests are active at this time. Those found during this week’s scouting include the hickory tussock moth, green stink bug, aphids, and grubs of Japanese beetles. The hickory tussock moth is a native pest which feeds on hickory as well as walnut, ash, elm, oak, willow, and maple; in other words, just about any deciduous hardwood. Though their feeding on tree foliage now is not of much concern, a bigger annoyance is the fact that their hairs can cause a very itchy rash. (See Insect report below for more on HTM.) The green stick bugs were observed on a few trees but were more commonly found as house invaders. Aphids can still be found on many host plants. Lady beetles often appeared on the same hosts and were no doubt feasting on the aphids. Beware of deer ticks now that fall clean-up activities are in full swing. Fallen leaves are a favorite locale for deer ticks. Gnats are being a nuisance as clouds of them quickly surround anyone working outdoors. Occurrence of powdery mildew is more prevalent now. As mentioned above, premature leaf drop has been very common, especially on ash, apples, crabapples, and other deciduous trees infected with foliar diseases.

Regional Scouting Credits

  • CAPE COD REGION - Russell Norton, Horticulture and Agriculture Educator with Cape Cod Cooperative Extension, reporting from Barnstable.
  • SOUTHEAST REGION - Brian McMahon, Arborist, reporting from the Dighton area.
  • NORTH SHORE REGION - Geoffrey Njue, Green Industry Specialist, UMass Extension, reporting from the Long Hill Reservation, Beverly.
  • EAST REGION - Kit Ganshaw & Sue Pfeiffer, Horticulturists reporting from the Boston area.
  • METRO WEST REGION – Julie Coop, Forester, Massachusetts Department of Conservation & Recreation, reporting from Acton.
  • CENTRAL REGION - Mark Richardson, Director of Horticulture reporting from Tower Hill Botanic Garden, Boylston.
  • PIONEER VALLEY REGION - Nick Brazee, Plant Pathologist, UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab, reporting from UMass Amherst.
  • BERKSHIRE REGION - Ron Kujawski, Horticultural Consultant, reporting from Great Barrington.

Woody Ornamentals

Recent pests and pathogens of interest seen in the UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab https://ag.umass.edu/services/plant-diagnostics-laboratory

Diseases

Grey leaf blight, caused by Pestalotiopsis, of rosebay Rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum). Plant is approximately six- to seven-years-old and has been present at the site for four years. Leaf margins are browning with the symptoms spreading towards the base of the leaf. Additionally, the plant has very few flower buds present. Soils are sandy and the plant receives a mix of sun and shade near a large Norway spruce. Pestalotiopsis is common on Rhododendron, primarily causing a leaf blight but can also be found attacking shoots. Pruning and removal of blighted leaves is important to reduce the population of the fungus in the canopy.

Boxwood blight, caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata, on boxwood (Buxus sempervirens ′Dee Runk′ and B. sempervirens). One sample was submitted from a nursery while the other originated from an established boxwood (present in the landscape for roughly 10 years). Black-colored foliar and stem lesions along with excessive leaf shedding were visible on both samples. The pathogen was readily incubated from symptomatic material. Calonectria can sporulate prolifically during the autumn season, establishing new infection centers for the following season.

Anthracnose of Wisteria (Wisteria sp.) caused by Colletotrichum. The plant has been present at the site for only two years but appeared relatively healthy until this summer. It was planted at the edge of a lawn and allowed to climb onto a pergola over a walkway. Symptoms first appeared as yellow to brown-colored spots. Ultimately, entire leaves were blighted, becoming desiccated and curled prior to dropping from the canopy. Lawn watering provided supplemental irrigation but likely facilitated disease development. Overhead watering wets the foliage, allowing fungal spores to germinate and spread. Water should be provided via drip irrigation or hand-watering on regular intervals.

Rhizosphaera needle cast of blue spruce (Picea pungens) and white fir (Abies concolor). The blue spruce was planted in a meadow with full sun and well-drained, sandy soils. It does not receive supplemental water. In August of this year, browning of needles was observed on interior portions of lower canopy branches. The white fir is mature, approximately 30-years-old, and resides in a full-sun, roadside bed that is mulched and receives lawn watering on the side of the tree facing the house. Scattered branch dieback in the lower canopy was observed this year for the first time. Needles were pale green to brown and desiccated. Rhizosphaera infections can occur anytime during the growing season as long as environmental conditions allow. But spring and fall are peak periods of spore dispersal and infection.

Suspected viral infection of Japanese katsura (Cercidiphyllum japonicum). Tree is approximately 12-years-old and has been present at the site for three years. Site includes full sun with drip irrigation. This year, symptoms of either a viral infection or possible herbicide injury developed. The latter was ruled out as no chemicals were used on or anywhere near the tree by the homeowner or managing arborist. Submitted shoots had distorted leaves that were abnormally thick with curled margins. A yellow-colored, mosaic pattern was present on some leaves with bleaching also present along the leaf veins. Viral diseases of woody plants in this region are typically not a primary concern. They can be spread by various insects (i.e. aphids and leafhoppers) or propagated cuttings, among other means.

Report by Nick Brazee, Plant Pathologist, UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab, UMass Amherst.

Insects

Personal Protection Measures for Mosquito-Borne Illness Continues to be Essential in Massachusetts until Hard Frost:

  • Mosquitoes and Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE): EEE virus activity has been detected in Barnstable, Bristol, Essex, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, Norfolk, Plymouth, and Worcester counties. As of 9/26/19, twelve human cases of EEE have been confirmed this year by the MA Department of Public Health, including three fatalities. For more information about EEE, who is at risk, how to minimize risk/steps to protect ourselves, manage mosquitoes in our landscapes, and for more information about EEE from the MA Department of Public Health, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, visit UMass Extension’s Hort Notes under “Trouble Maker of the Month”: https://ag.umass.edu/landscape/newsletters/hort-notes/hort-notes-2019-vol-307 .

Mantids and “Slugs”:

  • This large mantid is likely the Chinese mantid (Tenodera sinensis) which can be just over 4 inches in length. This insect was observed on a parked vehicle in Springfield, MA on 9/28/19. (Image courtesy of Deana Wood.) This large mantid is likely the Chinese mantid (Tenodera sinensis) which can be just over 4 inches in length. This insect was observed on a parked vehicle in Springfield, MA on 9/28/19. (Image courtesy of Michael Virgilio.) Mantids: The Mantidae (the family containing insects commonly known as praying mantises) are charismatic insects known for their abilities as predators of other insects. Mantids possess raptorial (grasping) forelegs which allow them to ambush and catch prey items that happen by. These hunters are fascinating to many observers to watch, and in the case of the mantid reported and observed on 9/28/19 in Springfield, MA, the impressive size of certain species can be intimidating to passersby. It is suspected that the insect in these photos is what is known as the Chinese mantid (Tenodera sinensis). This insect is very large, usually up to just over 4 inches in length, and is generally brown in color with green and yellow striping along the sides of the wings. It is typically considered the largest mantid species known to North America, but may be confused with the narrow-winged mantis (Tenodera angustipennis). Mantids develop from eggs that are laid in masses (an ootheca) which some have described as having a similar appearance to a packing peanut. Immatures resemble the adults, but lack wings until the adult stage. The Chinese mantid was frequently sold as a predator of garden pests, however its ability to manage garden pests is thought to be overstated. These large and indiscriminant predators may also be seen capturing and eating beneficial insects such as bees, wasps, and other desirable species visiting flowers. As such, the purchase of mantids for the biological control of pest insects (especially smaller pests such as aphids, mites, and scales, which are not on the menu for mantids that prefer larger prey), is not typically recommended for gardeners. Additional mantid species found in the USA include the European mantid (Mantis religiosa), Carolina mantid (Stagmomantis carolina), California mantid (S. californica), and Florida mantid (S. floridensis). The Stagmomantis species are native.
  • This odd caterpillar seen on 9/30/19 in Chesterfield, MA is known as the spiny oak-slug (Euclea delphinii) and will develop into a moth as an adult. These spiny caterpillars do cause a relatively mild sting, when compared to related species. However, they should not be handled. (Tawny Simisky, UMass Extension) “Slugs”: In the case of the insect captured in this photo, the term slug is used to describe certain caterpillars, the Limacodidae, or the slug caterpillars who are members of the Lepidoptera and develop into moths as adults. These caterpillars get this name from their “slug-like” appearance, and this is perhaps due to their relatively strange physical structure when compared to other lepidopteran caterpillars. Slug caterpillars have medial suckers in place of paired abdominal prolegs, as we may be used to seeing in most caterpillars, and the head is deeply withdrawn into the thorax. Rather than crawl, these caterpillars seemingly glide. Aside from that, they often look nothing like what one pictures when they think of a slug; these caterpillars can be fantastically armed with stinging spines which can pack a punch to those who unsuspectingly try to handle them, while also possessing extraordinary color schemes which make them fascinating to behold. In the case of the species pictured here, the spiny oak-slug (Euclea delphinii), although well-armed with spines, has a sting that is considered mild and is considerably less severe than that of other slug caterpillars such as the saddleback caterpillar (Acharia stimulea). The spiny oak-slug comes in many color forms, but is usually recognized by its overall shape and 2-4 patches of black spines at the rear of the body (4 are visible in this photo). These insects are native to New England and a single generation is known with caterpillars generally present from late June to October. It was a wonderful chance to get to see one of these caterpillars, hanging out in plain sight on vinyl siding, as the spiny oak-slug caterpillar is generally regarded as secretive, hiding between leaves during the day. Host plants include apple, ash, basswood, beech, birch, blueberry, cherry, chestnut, hackberry, hickory, maple, oak, poplar, sycamore, willow, and many other woody plants. The impact of their feeding is minimal.

Woody ornamental (and other) insect and non-insect arthropod pests to consider, a selected few:

  • Asian Longhorned Beetle: (Anoplophora glabripennis, ALB) Look for signs of an ALB infestation which include perfectly round exit holes (about the size of a dime), shallow oval or round scars in the bark where a female has chewed an egg site, or sawdust-like frass (excrement) on the ground nearby host trees or caught in between branches. Be advised that other, native insects may create perfectly round exit holes or sawdust-like frass, which can be confused with signs of ALB activity.

The regulated area for Asian longhorned beetle is 110 miles2 encompassing Worcester, Shrewsbury, Boylston, West Boylston, and parts of Holden and Auburn. If you believe you have seen damage caused by this insect, such as exit holes or egg sites, on susceptible host trees like maple, please call the Asian Longhorned Beetle Eradication Program office in Worcester, MA at 508-852-8090 or toll free at 1-866-702-9938.

To report an Asian longhorned beetle find online or compare it to common insect look-alikes, visit: http://massnrc.org/pests/albreport.aspx or https://www.aphis.usda.gov/pests-diseases/alb/report .

  • Brown Marmorated Stink Bug: (Halyomorpha halys; BMSB) is a non-native insect first detected in the United States in 1998 in Allentown, PA. This insect was accidentally introduced from Asia. It was first detected in MA in 2007. It has since been reported in multiple counties of MA. UMass Extension’s Fruit Program announced on September 9th that for the first time in Massachusetts, there is now evidence of BMSB directly feeding on fruit crops in a commercial orchard setting. On this date, BMSB nymphs were observed feeding on peach in Belchertown, MA. More information about BMSB in commercial fruit can be found here:  https://bit.ly/2lWcWvu . BMSB attacks a broad variety of plants, including fruit crops and shade trees. Host plants include but are not limited to: peach, apple, pear, maples, dogwoods, butterfly bush, and vegetable crops. A more comprehensive list of hosts may be found here:   https://www.stopbmsb.org/where-is-bmsb/host-plants/ . An adult brown marmorated stink bug was observed feeding on an Amur maple (Acer ginnala) samara in Amherst, MA on 9/3/2019. Brown marmorated stink bugs can be distinguished from native stink bugs by the white bands on the antennae and alternating white and dark bands at the rear edge of the abdomen. Adults emerge around April from their overwintering locations. Females can lay approximately 500 eggs during their lifetime, in clusters of 30 eggs or so at a time, roughly from June-August. Eggs hatch and the immature insects (the nymphs) undergo 5 instars. Adults can be nuisance insects as they become fall home invaders, roughly by the end of September and into October, seeking sheltered locations to overwinter. BMSB was observed entering a home in Chesterfield, MA on 10/2/19.

More information about BMSB can be found at: https://www.massnrc.org/pests/pestFAQsheets/brownmarmoratedstinkbug.html .

Deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) adult activity will increase again in October, and remain active throughout the winter whenever temperatures are above freezing. For images of all deer tick life stages, along with an outline of the diseases they carry, visit: http://www.tickencounter.org/tick_identification/deer_tick .

Anyone working in the yard and garden should be aware that there is the potential to encounter deer ticks. The deer tick or blacklegged tick can transmit Lyme disease, human babesiosis, human anaplasmosis, and other diseases. Preventative activities, such as daily tick checks, wearing appropriate clothing, and permethrin treatments for clothing (according to label instructions) can aid in reducing the risk that a tick will become attached to your body. If a tick cannot attach and feed, it will not transmit disease. For more information about personal protective measures, visit: http://www.tickencounter.org/prevention/protect_yourself . For a quick overview of skin repellents available to protect yourself from ticks, visit “Tickology: Skin Repellents” by Larry Dapsis of Cape Cod Cooperative Extension:https://bit.ly/2J8IJBl .

Have you just removed an attached tick from yourself or a loved one with a pair of tweezers? If so, consider sending the tick to the UMass Laboratory of Medical Zoology to be tested for disease causing pathogens. To submit a tick to be tested, visit: https://www.tickreport.com/ and click on the blue “Order a TickReport” button. Results are typically available within 3 business days, or less. By the time you make an appointment with your physician following the tick attachment, you may have the results back from TickReport to bring to your physician to aid in a conversation about risk.

The UMass Laboratory of Medical Zoology does not give medical advice, nor are the results of their tests diagnostic of human disease. Transmission of a pathogen from the tick to you is dependent upon how long the tick had been feeding, and each pathogen has its own transmission time. TickReport is an excellent measure of exposure risk for the tick (or ticks) that you send in to be tested. Feel free to print out and share your TickReport with your healthcare provider.

  • These dogwood sawflies were caught feeding on their namesake host in New Salem, MA on 9/27/19. (Tawny Simisky, UMass Extension) Dogwood sawfly: Macremphytus tarsatus larvae are commonly seen feeding on dogwoods, especially gray dogwood (Cornus racemosa). One generation occurs per year. The larvae of the dogwood sawfly overwinter in decaying wood and occasionally (rarely) compromised structural timber. An overwintering “cell” is created in this soft wood. Pupation occurs in the springtime and adults can take a lengthy time to emerge, roughly from late May through July. 100+ eggs are laid in groups on the underside of leaves. Eggs hatch and the larvae feed gregariously, initially skeletonizing the leaves. As the caterpillars grow in size, they are capable of eating the entire leaf, leaving only midveins behind. Larval appearance varies greatly throughout instars. Early instars are translucent and yellow, but as the caterpillars grow, they develop black spots (over the yellow) and become covered in a white powder-like material. Larvae and their shed skins may resemble bird droppings. Full-grown larvae begin to wander in search of a suitable overwintering location. Rotting wood lying on the ground is preferred for this. At this time of year, it is late for management of this insect. Any remaining caterpillars could be collected from plants and dropped into a can of soapy water.
  • Emerald Ash Borer: (Agrilus planipennis, EAB) This wood-boring beetle readily attacks ash (Fraxinus spp.) including white, green, and black ash and has also been found developing in white fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus) and has been reported in cultivated olive (Olea europaea). Signs of an EAB infested tree may include D-shaped exit holes in the bark (from adult emergence), “blonding” or lighter coloration of the ash bark from woodpecker feeding (chipping away of the bark as they search for larvae beneath), and serpentine galleries visible through splits in the bark, from larval feeding beneath. Positive identification of an EAB-infested tree may not be possible with these signs individually on their own.

For further information about this insect, please visit: https://ag.umass.edu/fact-sheets/emerald-ash-borer . If you believe you have located EAB-infested ash trees, particularly in an area of Massachusetts not identified on the map provided, please report here: http://massnrc.org/pests/pestreports.htm .

  • Fall Home-Invading Insects: Various insects, such as ladybugs, boxelder bugs, seedbugs, and stink bugs have begun seeking overwintering shelters in warm places, such as homes. While such invaders do not cause any structural damage, they can become a nuisance especially when they are present in large numbers. If you are not willing to share your home with such insects, repair torn window screens, repair gaps around windows and doors, and sure up any other gaps through which they might enter the home.
  • Hickory Tussock Moth: Lophocampa caryae is native to southern Canada and the northeastern United States. There is one generation per year. Overwintering occurs as a pupa inside a fuzzy, oval shaped cocoon. Adult moths emerge approximately in May and their presence can continue into July. Females will lay clusters of 100+ eggs together on the underside of leaves. Females of this species can fly, however they have been called weak fliers due to their large size. When first hatched from their eggs, the young caterpillars will feed gregariously in a group, eventually dispersing and heading out on their own to forage. Caterpillar maturity can take up to three months and color changes occur during this time. These caterpillars are essentially white with some black markings and a black head capsule. They are very hairy, and should not be handled with bare hands as many can have skin irritation or rashes (dermatitis) as a result of interacting with hickory tussock moth hairs. By late September, the caterpillars will create their oval, fuzzy cocoons hidden in the leaf litter where they will again overwinter. Hosts whose leaves are fed upon by these caterpillars include but are not limited to hickory, walnut, butternut, linden, apple, basswood, birch, elm, black locust, and aspen. Maple and oak have also been reportedly fed upon by this insect. Several wasp species are parasitoids of hickory tussock moth caterpillars.
  • Spotted Lanternfly: (Lycorma delicatula, SLF) is not known to occur in Massachusetts landscapes (no established populations are known in MA at this time). However, officials with the Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources (MDAR) urged residents to check plants for spotted lanternfly. On February 21, 2019 MDAR announced the discovery of a single dead spotted lanternfly adult at a private residence in Boston. As a result of this discovery, officials asked the public to check potted plants they purchase and report any suspicious insects. MDAR reports that this particular individual appeared to have been unintentionally transported this past December in a shipment of poinsettia plants originating from Pennsylvania. Officials also report that there is currently no evidence that this pest has become established in MA. For more information about this finding, please visit the MA Department of Agricultural Resources press release:https://www.mass.gov/news/state-agricultural-officials-urge-residents-to-check-plants-for-spotted-lanternfly .

This insect is a member of the Order Hemiptera (true bugs, cicadas, hoppers, aphids, and others) and the Family Fulgoridae, also known as planthoppers. The spotted lanternfly is a non-native species first detected in the United States in Berks County, Pennsylvania and confirmed on September 22, 2014.

The spotted lanternfly is considered native to China, India, and Vietnam. It has been introduced as a non-native insect to South Korea and Japan, prior to its detection in the United States. In South Korea, it is considered invasive and a pest of grapes and peaches. The spotted lanternfly has been reported from over 70 species of plants, including the following: tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) (preferred host), apple (Malus spp.), plum, cherry, peach, apricot (Prunus spp.), grape (Vitis spp.), pine (Pinus spp.), pignut hickory (Carya glabra), Sassafras (Sassafras albidum), serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), white ash (Fraxinus americana), willow (Salix spp.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), American linden (Tilia americana), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), big-toothed aspen (Populus grandidentata), black birch (Betula lenta), black cherry (Prunus serotina), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), black walnut (Juglans nigra), dogwood (Cornus spp.), Japanese snowbell (Styrax japonicus), maple (Acer spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), and paper birch (Betula papyrifera).

The adults and immatures of this species damage host plants by feeding on sap from stems, leaves, and the trunks of trees. In the springtime in Pennsylvania (late April - mid-May) nymphs (immatures) are found on smaller plants and vines and new growth of trees and shrubs. Third and fourth instar nymphs migrate to the tree of heaven and are observed feeding on trunks and branches. Trees may be found with sap weeping from the wounds caused by the insect’s feeding. The sugary secretions (excrement) created by this insect may coat the host plant, later leading to the growth of sooty mold. Insects such as wasps, hornets, bees, and ants may also be attracted to the sugary waste created by the lanternflies, or sap weeping from open wounds in the host plant. Host plants have been described as giving off a fermented odor when this insect is present.

Adults are present by the middle of July in Pennsylvania and begin laying eggs by late September and continue laying eggs through late November and even early December in that state. Adults may be found on the trunks of trees such as the tree of heaven or other host plants growing in close proximity to them. Egg masses of this insect are gray in color and, in some ways, look similar to gypsy moth egg masses.

Host plants, bricks, stone, lawn furniture, recreational vehicles, and other smooth surfaces can be inspected for egg masses. Egg masses laid on outdoor residential items such as those listed above may pose the greatest threat for spreading this insect via human aided movement.

For more information about the spotted lanternfly, visit this fact sheet: https://ag.umass.edu/landscape/fact-sheets/spotted-lanternfly .

Concerned that you may have found an invasive insect or suspicious damage caused by one? Need to report a pest sighting? If so, please visit the Massachusetts Introduced Pests Outreach Project: http://massnrc.org/pests/pestreports.htm .

A note about Tick Awareness: deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis), the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), and the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) are all found throughout Massachusetts. Each can carry their own complement of diseases. Anyone working in tick habitats (wood-line areas, forested areas, and landscaped areas with ground cover) should check themselves regularly for ticks while practicing preventative measures. Have a tick and need it tested? Visit the web page of the UMass Laboratory of Medical Zoology (https://www.tickreport.com/ ) and click on the blue Order a TickReport button for more information.

Reported by Tawny Simisky, Extension Entomologist, UMass Extension Landscape, Nursery, & Urban Forestry Program

Urban and Community Forestry

Planting for Resilience: Selecting Urban Trees in Massachusetts

The new street tree selection guide, titled “Planting for Resilience: Selecting Urban Trees in Massachusetts,'' has been produced by the Department of Environmental Conservation and the Center for Agriculture Food and the Environment, at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The guide was authored by graduate researcher, Ashley M. McElhinney, and Extension Associate Professor of Urban and Community Forestry, Dr. Richard W. Harper. It is designed to function as a key resource for anyone interested in selecting and planting a tree in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts – tree wardens, urban foresters, professional arborists, volunteers that work with urban trees, and private residents.

The guide aims to provide readers with the information necessary to more confidently choose which tree species is best for their planting site, employing the “right tree, right place” approach. Proactive planning is a critical strategy to creating and maintaining a healthy, diverse urban forest, that ranges from the downtown urban core, to parks and greenways, to private properties. Trees growing in urban areas are becoming increasingly important in maintaining and protecting human and environmental health in the face of urbanization and global climate change.

This guide outlines the characteristics and attributes of each of its tree species, detailing ornamental traits and site preferences. It also includes observations regarding tolerance to adverse conditions often found in urban environments and information relative to climate change adaptability.

Profiles for nearly 80 recommended tree species are included, ranging from native trees found commonly grown and planted in Massachusetts, to non-native trees adept at surviving in toughurban environments. A critical objective of this guide is to encourage diversity among urban trees at the time of selection and planting.

A two-part resource featuring both a video tutorial discussion of the guide and a free downloadable version of the guide (pdf), has also been made available in the “Lectures” section of the menu on the http://www.urbanforestrytoday.org/ website. Certified arborists that view the tutorial and download the guide may obtain continuing education credits (1.0 ISA CEU’s & 0.5 MCA credits).

***

Ashley M. McElhinney, M.S., is a graduate of the Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

Richard W. Harper, Ph.D., is the Extension Associate Professor of Urban & Community Forestry, Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support and expertise of Gwendolyn Stoll and Professors Bethany Bradley, Ph.D., and Mandy Bayer, Ph.D.

This work was supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture – McIntire Stennis Project # 34, Accession #1014171. This reference was funded in part by the USDA Forest Service through the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation Urban & Community Forestry Program. The University of Massachusetts is an equal opportunity provider.

Reported by Rick Harper, UMass Extension Associate Professor of Urban & Community Forestry, Department of Environmental Conservation, UMass Amherst


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Ticks are active at this time! Remember to take appropriate precautions when working and playing outdoors, and conduct daily tick checks. UMass tests ticks for the presence of Lyme disease and other disease pathogens. Learn more