Nitrogen Management: Pre-Sidedress Nitrate-N Test (PSNT)
Introduction
All crops require a relatively large amount of nitrogen (N) to achieve optimum growth and yield. However, among all the essential nutrients required by plants, N is perhaps the trickiest nutrient; this is because N is 100% water soluble and can easily leach due to rainfall or with irrigation water. In addition, N can easily be lost to the environment through volatilization, evaporation, and denitrification. In areas with high rainfall potential in the spring, such as in the Northeast, the application of N fertilizer as preplant or at planting time often results in significant N loss that increases the cost of production. This N loss can also be a serious pollution threat to both underground and surface water, and it can contribute to greenhouse gas production. By contrast, applying sidedress N is a more efficient use of fertilizer and it is more environmentally friendly.
Soil organic matter (SOM) contains the largest pool of soil N, which can comprise more than 90% of the total N in soil. SOM is continuously decomposed by soil microbes, which makes the N in the SOM available to plants via a process called mineralization. A rough estimate indicates that 2 to 4% of soil organic N will be mineralized each growing season. This is equivalent to approximately 20 to 40 lbs. of available N per acre for each 1% of organic matter in the top 6” of the soil. Any factor that affects microbial activity, such as soil temperature or moisture, can influence the rate of mineralization. Therefore, the decomposition of organic matter and the corresponding release of nutrients, N in particular, reaches its peak in the month of June and stays at peak through late summer, tapering off as the soil gradually gets cold again in the fall months. Soils that are high in organic matter have the potential to release a significant amount of N that may meet the N requirement of the crop or reduce the need for supplemental N fertilizer.
The pre-sidedress nitrate-N soil test (PSNT) is a late spring nitrogen test that was introduced by Professor Fred Magdoff (University of Vermont and others). The test is used to measure the soil’s capacity to provide plant available N during the growing season by mineralization. The higher the soil organic matter, the higher the potential that plant available N will meet the N requirements of the crop. The PSNT is usually performed in June or early July when the soil is warm enough for optimum microbial activity. This time point also correlates with when a developing corn crop will begin to grow exponentially and substantially increase N uptake accordingly.
Currently, the PSNT is used not only for corn. It is also utilized with other crops that accumulate N rapidly within a single growing season. Examples include tomatoes, peppers, lettuce, fall planted cabbage, butternut squash, and pumpkins. According to Dr. Vern Grubinger (University of Vermont), the threshold for these crops is slightly higher than corn because they do not have a deep and extensive root system like corn. Crops with shallower root systems require a higher level of N in their root zones to meet their N needs (please refer to New England Vegetable Guide for N need of various vegetables).
PSNT is an especially appropriate test for fields that are relatively high in organic matter and that are his-torically fertilized with manure. Over-application of N in the form of commercial fertilizer or manure can result in N loss during the growing season, especially after the crop is harvested in the fall. This fact sheet is mainly focused on corn fields with a history of manure application and cover cropping.
Image: Corn field with excessive N
Sampling Soil for PSNT
Soil samples for PSNT should be taken about 10 days before the time of sidedressing. For corn, this is when the plants are about 10–12 inches tall (about 5-6 weeks after planting) from the ground surface to the center of the whorl.
- Sampling should not be done after recent heavy rains, as the resulting values may underestimate the potential of the soil to supply N.
- In row crops such as corn, the samples should be taken from the middle of the rows, far enough from banded fertilizer and at a depth of 12 inches.
- Since PSNT is based on microbial mineralization, the samples should be immediately air dried in a thin layer or kept in a fridge until the sample is sent to the lab. This is because microbes in the soil sample will otherwise continue to be active and will release plant available N. If this occurs, the test results may not be representative of actual field conditions.
- Some Extension offices and private crop advisers may offer “quick tests” to their growers to expedite sending results to growers.
- The amount of nitrate present at the sampling time is directly related to the capacity of the soil to supply N for the remainder of the growing season. Sidedress nitrogen recommendations are a guide, and N application sources and application methods will vary depending on the fertilizer source.
Interpreting the PSNT Report
- Depending on the PSNT level, a farmer receives an estimate of additional N fertilizer that will generate a crop yield response when applied as sidedress.
- Often, soil labs only report the concentration of nitrate in the soil. The recommended rate of N application as sidedress depends on the type of the crop, and in case of corn silage, also depends on the ex-pected or historical yield potential from the field. Obviously, the higher the silage corn yield that is expected, the higher the rate of sidedress N fertilizer likely required to meet yield expectations.
- Research has shown that when the PSNT result indicates that there are ≥25 ppm nitrate in the soil, it is unlikely that additional N applied at sidedress will result in an economically advantageous yield increase in corn (silage, grain, and sweet). The threshold for vegetable crops is higher than corn and often is about 30 ppm.
- Mineralization of SOM is strongly influenced by environmental conditions. When weather conditions in the spring are cold, mineralization is slow, thus the capacity of the soil to release N is likely to be underestimated. In dry seasons, PSNT may overestimate the N contribution from the soil because movement of N to the active root zone is reduced. Therefore, the sidedress application rate should be adjusted based on the farmers’ experience and judgement. For example, if the soil has been cold in the spring and the PSNT results are about 20 ppm, chances are that the mineralization in the soil has not yet reached its peak value, thus no sidedress N should be applied.
Image:Soil sample is taken from 0-12” deep using a soil auger, when corn is about 12” tall. Samples are taken from the middle of the planting rows.
- When PSNT values are less than the threshold (25 ppm in corn and 30 ppm in vegetable crops) growers usually apply additional N. While PSNT values below these critical levels may or may not respond to additional N fertilizer, the stock recommendation would be that the crops should receive more N. The following table presents the amount of recommended sidedress N fertilizer based on the PSNT values and the expected yield of corn silage.
- The PSNT test should also be used as an historical record to evaluate fields with regular or repeated manure applications as these fields typically have higher levels of SOM and greater N mineralization potential. Growers might consider altering manure practices on fields with consistently high PSNT values, especially as soil phosphorus values may also be increasing and potentially causing other environmental impacts.
|
Soil nitrate level |
Expected Corn Silage Yield (tons/acre) | |||
| 17-20 | 21-24 | 25-29 | ≥30 | |
| Sidedress N recommendation rate (lbs. N/acre) | ||||
| <10 | 100 | 120 | 150 | 170 |
| 10-15 | 75 | 90 | 120 | 140 |
| 16-20 | 50 | 70 | 90 | 110 |
| 21-25 | 30 | 50 | 70 | 90 |
| >25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Note: The amount of nitrate present at sampling is directly related to the N supplying capability of the soil during the entire growing season.
Note: PSNT is especially appropriate for farms that are utilizing manure.
Disclaimer
Information present here represent the author’s best ability to translate the current and/or past scientific information. Readers, if applying the factsheet information, are responsi-ble for complying with any applicable law, rule, regulation or standard, or the achievement of discharge levels from agricultural land.
More information
Questions? Visit Umass Amherst Extension CDLE at www.umass.edu/cdl or Contact Masoud Hashemi at masoud@umass.edu
This publication has been funded in part by Mass. Dept. of Agricultural Resources in a grant to the Massachusetts Farm Bureau Federation, Inc. and by Mass. Dept. of Environmental Protection, s319 Program.
