Vegetable Notes 2024 Vol. 36:21

Crop Conditions

table 1. Squash Vine borer Pheromone Trap captures for week ending August 22
Trap location	SVB
Whately	4
North Easton	2
Westhampton	4
Spray thresholds: Thick-stemmed cucurbits only. 5 moths/week for bush-type cucurbits. 12 moths/week for vining cucurbits.

Table 2. GDDs & Sweet corn pest trap captures for week ending August 22
Nearest Weather station	GDD (Base 50°F)	Trap Location	ECB NY	ECB IA	FAW	CEW	CEW SPRay interval*
Western MA
North Adams	2100	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Richmond	1913	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
South Deerfield	2296	Whately	2	0	5	14.5	4 days
Chicopee Falls	2339	Granby	0	0	8	20	4 days
Granville	2017	Southwick	0	0	0	3	6 days
Central MA
Leominster	2120	Lancaster	1	1	0	1	no spray**
Northbridge	2150	Grafton	1	0	0	0	no spray**
Worcester	2145	Spencer	0	0	0	0	no spray**
Eastern MA
Bolton	2165	Bolton	0	0	1	12.5	4 days
Stow	2176	Concord	1	0	4	0	no spray**
Lawrence	2224	Haverhill	2	0	3	0	no spray**
Ipswich	2187	Ipswich	4	0	0	10	4 days
Harvard	2160	Littleton	0	0	0	1	no spray**
-	-	Millis	1	0	n/a	7	4 days
Sharon	2122	North Easton	1	0	0	18	4 days
		Sharon	-	-	n/a	49	4 days
Providence, RI	2210	Seekonk	0	0	2	119	3 days
		Swansea	0	0	2	43	4 days
ND - no GDD data for this location - no numbers reported for this trap n/a - this site does not trap for this pest * If 2+ days above 80°F occur, shorten spray interval by 1 day. ** If CEW trap captures are below 1.4 moths/week, scout block for ECB and FAW caterpillars and make a pesticide application if 12% of plants in a 50-plant sample are infested.

Table 3. corn earworm spray intervals
Moths/Night	Moths/Week	Spray Interval
0 - 0.2	0 - 1.4	no spray
0.2 - 0.5	1.4 - 3.5	6 days
0.5 - 1	3.5 - 7	5 days
1 - 13	7 - 91	4 days
Over 13	Over 91	3 days

Multiple Crops

Phytophthora blight is continuing to spread, causing fruit rot and wilt in peppers and eggplants as well as crown and fruit rot in cucurbits. Sunscald on pepper fruit can cause damage that can be confused for Phytophthora fruit rot. Sunscald will notably occur just on sides of the fruit exposed to the sun; damaged tissue will initially turn white/tan, and then is often colonized by non-pathogenic fungi that produce lots of black sporulation. Fruit infected with Phytophthora capsici will rot but remain on the plant. The foliage can sometimes remain unaffected while the fruit rots, but the plant will eventually wilt and develop dark stem cankers.

Cut Flower Pest Alerts

Dahlia

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Summer Annual Grass Weed Management

The other week we published an article exploring grass identification, focusing on the most common summer annual weeds. Now that you know what grass species you have in your field, we are going to focus on what you can do to manage them. As a group, grasses are slightly harder to kill than broadleaf weeds once they are established, partially because their growing point is below the soil surface, so any technique that does not target the grass below that point is less likely to work¹. Contact herbicides (e.g., Aim/carfentrazone or Rely/glufosinate) and flaming are less successful at killing grass weeds than systemic herbicides (e.g., Roundup/glyphosate). Killing established grass is the last line of defense when thinking about grass weed management—first think about reducing seed set, then killing emerged grasses before planting, and finally in-season control [Fig 1].

Manage the seeds

To manage annual weeds, focus primarily on managing the seeds. The only way that an annual can survive from year to year is through its seed. If you manage the seeds, you will improve your weed control in the long term. Seeds can be managed in two ways:

• Reducing seed set
• Drawing down the number of seeds stored in the soil

The easiest way to reduce seed set is to kill the weed before it flowers. But sometimes you just do not have time to manage weeds before a lot of seed is set. If you see a lot of seed heads out in your field right now, you know those seeds will end up in your soil and you will have a lot of summer annual grass weeds next year. But do not despair. Grass seeds in the soil are relatively easy to manage because annual grasses germinate readily, making them vulnerable to the pre-plant strategies below, and whatever seed does not germinate will decompose relatively quickly^2,3. Below are some strategies to consider for next summer.

Pre-plant Management

Pre-plant strategies can give your crop a head start in establishing, which can then convey a competitive edge to your crop over weeds. There are a few different strategies that can provide a weed-free planting bed.

• Tarping

Tarping is a strategy that kills weeds by blocking access to light and effectively starving the weed⁴. This process is called etiolation. Tarps are generally 5-6 mils (0.005-0.006 inches) thick, black on one side, and white on the other. They can be purchased at agricultural supply stores and reused for several years. Tarping can only kill weeds that have germinated and are growing; it will not kill dormant weed seeds. For targeting summer annual weeds, tarping involves the following:

1. Prepare a seedbed in the spring. This will both stimulate weed seed germination and reduce the risk of bringing new seeds to the soil surface after removing the tarp.
2. Put a tarp over the soil and weigh it down. Place the black side of the tarp up to absorb as much light as possible and weigh the tarp down so there is good soil-tarp contact. This will warm the soil to stimulate seed germination.
3. Leave the tarp on the soil for at least 3 weeks, but do not remove the tarp until right before you plan to plant. Uncovered soil will allow weed growth, and we want to prevent that for as long as possible.
4. Plant your crop as soon as you remove the tarp and reduce soil disturbance as much as possible once removed. Any disturbance could stimulate the germination of new weed seeds.

• Stale Seedbed Technique

Creating a stale seedbed is a technique that kills weeds by stimulating as much germination as possible and then killing germinated weeds before planting. The process is:

1. Prepare a seedbed. Again, the idea is to stimulate germination and reduce soil disturbance later. Light, oxygen, soil moisture, and temperature all help break weed seed dormancy, so tillage and bed shaping will stimulate germination. Also make sure soil is adequately moist—irrigate if necessary.
2. Once the weed seeds germinate (about 1 week), kill the weeds using herbicides, flaming, or shallow cultivation. Cultivate as shallow as possible. If you bring any new seeds to the soil surface with this cultivation it will stimulate the germination of new weed seeds.
3. This process can be repeated (stimulating germination with tillage and irrigation and then killing seedlings) if there is time before planting.
4. Plant into the prepared bed, with as little soil disturbance as possible.

• Pre-emergent Herbicides

Many pre-emergent herbicides are effective against annual grasses. Using a pre-emergent herbicide is helpful for providing several weeks of a weed-free soil surface while crops become established. Select a pre-emergent herbicide that has good efficacy against the species that you know were most prevalent in your field the prior year (this is why grass identification is important). Read the label carefully to get good control. Some herbicides act on germinating weeds, so they need to be incorporated into the soil through tillage or rainfall. Others act on weeds that are just emerging from the soil, so they need to remain on the soil surface. They often need adequate soil moisture to be active. If you are applying a pre-emergent herbicide that needs to remain on the soil surface, reduce soil disturbance as much as possible after applying. Pre-emergent herbicides will be effective for different lengths of time, depending on many different factors including: soil texture, soil organic matter content, soil moisture, and herbicide chemistry. In general, expect control for about 8-12 weeks. See Table 1 for a list of pre-emergent herbicides that can control grasses.

Post-planting Management

No matter what type of pre-planting weed management strategy you use, do not expect it to be effective throughout the entire life of your crop. Summer annual weeds germinate in warmer soils, so they can become an issue later in the growing season. An established crop should experience less yield reduction from weeds than an emerging crop, but any uncontrolled weeds can set seed and make weed control more difficult the next year. Here are some strategies for post-planting management of summer annual grass weeds:

• Cultivation

Cultivation buries, cuts, and/or uproots weeds, which then leads to plant death through desiccation. Cultivation efficacy is highly variable, dependent on many factors including: cultivation tool, soil texture and moisture, weed species and growth stage, and weed-crop selectivity. All these factors make it somewhat difficult to generalize, but cultivation is almost always more effective when weeds are small. Since grasses have a low growing point, narrow leaves, and often have fibrous root systems they can be less susceptible than broadleaf annuals to many cultivation tools. Consider stacking tools by using multiple types of cultivation equipment together in a single pass. Stacking tools should lead to greater cultivation efficacy⁵.

• Post-Emergent Herbicides

The post-emergent herbicides clethodim (Select Max) and sethoxydim (Poast) are both systemic group 10 herbicides that control grasses but do not affect broadleaf plants. They are labeled for use in most vegetable crops. Since they are systemic, they need to be applied to actively growing grasses to be most effective. The grasses do not have to be large, just actively growing. For most annual grass weeds, Poast should be applied before the grasses reach 4-8 inches tall, and Select Max should be applied before the grasses reach 2-6 inches tall. Counterintuitively, if you apply these herbicides to sick or damaged grasses, they will not work as well. Unlike a contact herbicide, these materials do not need to cover the entire plant to get good control, but the herbicide must stay on the grass long enough to enter the phloem and be transported to the site of action. Be sure to add any recommended surfactant to the herbicide to help it stick to the grass blade and follow label directions for including urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) or ammonium sulfate (AS) in the spray solution to ensure the material enters the phloem effectively and to maximize efficacy. Since these herbicides need to move within the plant to be active, do not expect the grass to show symptoms immediately. Generally, do not tank mix a systemic herbicide with a contact herbicide, or the foliage will desiccate before the systemic herbicide has time to enter the leaf and kill the weed.

Hopefully by combining pre-plant and post-plant weed control techniques, you can reduce the grass weeds growing in your crops and setting seed. With reduced seed set, you will be able to draw down the number of summer annual grass weed seeds in your seedbank relatively quickly, and weed control will become easier.

Table 1. Herbicides to control summer annual grass weeds
Trade Name (Active Ingredient)	Barnyardgrass	Crabgrass	Foxtail	Goosegrass	Crops Registered	Other Requirements of Note
Need to be incorporated through tillage or water (rainfall or irrigation
Aquestra 4F (sulfentrazone)		C		C	Beans, brassicas, cucurbits, eggplant, okra, peas, peppers, potatoes, rhubarb, rutabaga/turnips, tomatoes	Needs some soil moisture to be activated. This can come from available soil moisture, irrigation, or rainfall.
Curbit (ethalfluralin)	(E)	C (E)	C (E)	C	Cucurbits, pumpkins	Needs to be activated with 0.5 inches of water through rainfall or irrigation.
Devrionol 2-XT (napropamide)	C	C	C	C	Asparagus, basil, brassicas, eggplant, peppers, sweet potato, tomato	All weed growth, crop stubble, or leaf litter must be worked into the soil before application.
Dual Magnum (s-metolachlor)	C (E)	C (E)	C (E)	C	Asparagus, beans, beet/chard, brassicas, carrots/parsnips, sweet corn, curcurbits, garlic, onion, peas, peppers, potatoes, pumpkin, rhubarb, spinach, tomatoes	Indemnified label for many vegetable crops.
Eptam (EPTC)	C (E)	C (E)	C (E)	C	Beans, potatoes	Must be incorporated into the soil quickly after application, preferably in the same operation. If incorporating with tillage, 2 passes are recommended for more consistent coverage. Incorporate 2-3 inches deep.
Matrix SG (rimsulfuron)	C	C	C		Potatoes, tomatoes	Incorporate into the soil with irrigation within 5 days of application.
Metribuzin (metribuzin)	C	Pc	Pc	C	Asparagus, carrots/parsnips, peas, potatoes, tomatoes
Outlook (dimethenamid)	C	C	C	C	Beans, beets/chard, sweet corn, garlic, leeks, onions, potatoes, radish, rutabaga/turnips, sweet potatoes
Prefar 4-E (bensulide)	C (E)	C (E)	C (E)	C	Brassicas, celery, cucurbits, eggplant, garlic, lettuce, onions, parsley/cilantro, peppers, pumpkins	All weed growth, crop stubble, or leaf litter must be worked into the soil before application.
Prowl H2O (pendimethalin)	C (E)	C (E)	C (E)	C	Asparagus, beans, brassicas, carrots/parsnips, celery, sweet corn, eggplant, garlic, artichoke, leeks, onions, peas, peppers, potatoes, tomatoes	If incorporating with tillage, 2 passes are recommended for more consistent coverage.
Ro-Neet (cycloate)	C (G)	C (G)	C (G)		Carrots/parsnips, rutabaga/turnips	All weed growth, crop stubble, or leaf litter must be worked into the soil before application.
Sonalan HFP (ethalfluralin)	C (E)	C (E)	C (E)		Beans, potatoes	Incorporate 2-3 inches into the soil within 48 hours of application.
Treflan HFP (trifluralin)	C (E)	C (E)	C (E)		Asparagus, beans, brassicas, carrots/parsnips, celery, cucurbits, eggplant, okra, onions, peas, peppers, potatoes, radishes, rutabaga/turnips, tomatoes	Weed growth, crop stubble, and leaf litter must be at manageable levels to uniformly incorporate 2-3 inches into the soil after application. Incorporate mechanically, 2 passes may be necessary.
Should remain on the soil surface
Caparol 4L (prometryn)	C (G)	C (E)	C (G)	C	Carrots/parsnips, celery, okra, parsley/cilantro, rhubarb	Moisture is needed to activate.
Chateau EZ (flumioxazin)	C	C	C	C	Asparagus, beans, garlic, artichoke, peppers	Moisture is needed to activate.
Command 3ME (clomazone)	Hr (G)	Hr (G)	C (G)	C	Asparagus, basil, beans, brassicas, cucurbits, parsley/cilantro, peas, peppers, pumpkins, rhubarb, sweet potatoes	Can be shallow incorporated no deeper than 2 inches if soil crusting, compaction, or weed emergence has occurred.
Lorox DF (linuron)	C (G)	C (G)	C (G)	C	Asparagus, beans, carrots/parsnips, celery, parsley/cilantro, peas, potatoes, rhubarb	Moisture is needed to activate.
C – Provides control according to the label Pc – Provides partial control according to the label Hr – Provides control using high rate according to the label (E) – Excellent control according to Cornell efficacy data (G) – Good control according to Cornell efficacy data

References

1. Boyd, N. S., Brennan, E. B. & Fennimore S. A. Stale seedbed technique for organic vegetable production. Weed Tech. 20, 1052-1057 (2006).
2. Benvenuti, S. & Macchia, M. Reduction after different stale seedbed techniques in organic agricultural systems. Italian J of Agron. 1, 11-21 (2006).
3. Thompson, K. & Grime, J. P. Seasonal variation in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats. J Ecol. 67, 893-897 (1979).
4. Kubalek, R., Granatstein, D., Collins, D. & Miles, C. Review of tarping and a case study on small-scale organic farms. Hort Tech. 32, 119-128 (2022). 
5. Gallandt, E.R., Brainard, D. & Brown B. Developments in physical weed control. In Zimdahl, R.L. (ed.) Integrated weed management for sustainable agriculture. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK (2018).

--Written by Maria Gannet, UMass Extension Weeds Specialist

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A Guide to Preparing High Tunnels for Extreme Weather

--Compiled from Vermont Vegetable & Berry Growers’ Association input by Becky Maden, Chris Callahan, Vern Grubinger, and Andy Chamberlain, University of Vermont Extension. Originally published at https://blog.uvm.edu/cwcallah/2024/08/13/a-guide-to-preparing-high-tunnels-for-extreme-weather/, August 13, 2024.

Introduction

High tunnels and greenhouses provide protection for crops, extend the growing season, and improve yield and quality. However, climate change brings both a higher frequency and increased intensity of extreme weather events. It is important to think about how high tunnel structures can best be built and modified to endure the extremes. The information below is a summary of experiences shared by the growers of the Vermont Vegetable and Berry Growers Association (VVBGA). Individual grower comments and references for more information are provided following the summary.

BEFORE YOU BUILD

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News

SARE Farmer Grant Program Now Accepting Applications

Farmers in the Northeast can apply for up to $30,000 in funding for sustainable agriculture projects starting in 2025. These projects can range from experiments to on-farm events and demonstrations or other educational activities.

The Call for 2025 Northeast Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) Farmer Grants is now available. Approximately $850,000 has been allocated to fund projects. Awards of up to $30,000 are available. Proposals are due no later than 5:00 p.m. EST on November 12, 2024.

Q&A Sessions are taking place alternating Tuesdays and Wednesdays in October. Register once to attend any of the sessions. 

Sessions will take place on: Oct 8, 16, 22, 30. from 12 to 1 EST

Register for a Q & A Session

See the call for proposals.

Learn more about the Farmer Grant Program.

EPA Releases Endangered Species Act Herbicide Strategy

On Tuesday August 20, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released its plan to reduce the risk of herbicide applications to endangered species. You can read the news release here and download the full plan at this site. The EPA is calling their plan the “Herbicide Strategy” (which should not be confused with the herbicide named Strategy).

The plan is designed to keep herbicide products available to growers who need them, while simultaneously protecting endangered and threatened species from these products. The overall goal of the plan is to keep all herbicides on the farm by reducing runoff and drift. Pesticide movement is to be reduced by adopting appropriate management strategies. These strategies are assigned points based on how much they do to mitigate off-target movement. Growers need to accumulate a certain number of points based on the risk the herbicide poses to any endangered species whose range includes the farm.

This is a new approach to protecting endangered and threatened species (called “listed” species). Previously, the EPA had attempted to evaluate each pesticide’s potential effect on each listed species. This process was overly slow and laborious and resulted in the EPA being out of compliance with the Endangered Species Act (ESA) for many decades. This new approach should bring the EPA back into compliance within a reasonable timeframe. Herbicides are the most widely used group of pesticides, so the EPA began this new mitigation strategy with them. Now they have begun to include insecticides—you can read the draft strategy for insecticides here, released on July 25, and EPA is holding an informational webinar on the insecticide strategy on September 5. See Events section below for details.

The UMass Vegetable Team will certainly keep you updated about what these changes mean for your farm. To read more about EPA’s efforts to protect endangered species from pesticides, see their website: https://www.epa.gov/endangered-species

Call for Comments for Potential Mancozeb Registration Changes

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released their proposed interim registration review decision for mancozeb in July 2024. Mancozeb is a multisite mode of action fungicide used for the prevention and control of fungal pathogens in fruit and vegetable crops, ornamental plants, and turf grass. 

There is an open comment period for the public to provide responses to the proposed risk mitigation revisions and how they could impact production. The comment period ends on September 16, 2024. To view the amended proposed interim registration review in its entirety, see Docket No. EPA-HQ-OPP-2015-0291 at www.regulations.gov. For instruction on how to submit comments, visit https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/07/17/2024-15650/pesticide-registration-review-proposed-decisions-for-several-pesticides-notice-of-availability-and.

Proposed changes relevant to vegetable crops include new spray-drift reduction measures, new personal protective equipment requirements and engineering controls, spray drift management measures, and changes to REIs (broccoli, cabbage to 6 days; pepper, tomato, and cucurbit to 3 days). The proposed revisions also include several use terminations, including all uses in grapes. Rutgers Cooperative Extension has provided a good summary of all of the proposed changes here. 

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Events

Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Grant Webinar

When: Thursday, August 29, 2024, 10:30am-12pm

Where: Online

Registration: Click here to register.

The Massachusetts Farm Energy Program will provide an overview of the application process and requirements for the USDA's Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Grant. The REAP grant provides guaranteed loan financing and grant funding to agricultural producers and rural small businesses for renewable energy systems or to make energy efficiency improvements. Agricultural producers may also apply for new energy efficient equipment and new system loans for agricultural production and processing.

Questions? Contact the Massachusetts Farm Energy Program at info@massfarmenergy.com or 413-727-3090.

EPA Webinar on Draft Strategy to Better Protect Endangered Species from Insecticides

When: Thursday, September 5, 2024, 1-2pm

Where: Online

Registration: Click here to register.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will hold a public webinar on September 5, 2024, from 1-2 PM ET to provide an overview of its draft Insecticide Strategy. Released on July 25, 2024, the draft strategy furthers the agency’s work to adopt early, practical protections for federally endangered and threatened (listed) species and designated critical habitats from the use of conventional agricultural insecticides.

The draft strategy identifies protections that EPA will consider when it registers a new insecticide or reevaluates an existing one. In developing this draft strategy, EPA identified protections to address potential impacts for more than 850 species listed by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS). The draft strategy identifies protections earlier in the pesticide review process, thus creating a far more efficient approach to evaluate and protect the FWS-listed species that live near these agricultural areas.

The draft insecticide strategy uses the most updated information and processes to determine whether an insecticide will impact a listed species and identify protections to address any impacts. To determine impacts, the draft strategy considers where a species lives, what it needs to reproduce (e.g., food or pollinators), where the pesticide will end up in the environment, and what kind of the pesticide might have if it reaches the species. These refinements greatly reduce the need for pesticide restrictions in situations that do not benefit species.

The webinar will include:

• Discussion of the proposed three-step framework to identify potential population-level impacts to species, identify mitigation measures to address these impacts, and determine the geographic extent of the mitigation measures;
• An overview of case studies to illustrate how the framework could be applied to representative insecticides and how EPA expects to implement the strategy in its registration and registration review actions; and
• An opportunity for the public to ask questions.

The webinar will be open to the public on the GoTo webinar platform, and all interested stakeholders are invited to attend. The agenda and instructions for joining the webinar will be sent to registered attendees.

Dahlia Farm Walk at Grant Family Farm

When: Tuesday, September 24, 4-6pm

Where: Grant Family Farm, 866 Main St, West Newbury, MA

Registration: Free, but please register in advance here.

Join us in West Newbury on September 24 for a farm walk all about dahlias. We’ll tour Grant Family Farm and hear from farmers Alice and Chris. The UMass Extension vegetable program will also host a listening session to learn about your challenges and needs related to growing cut flowers. 

Twilight Meeting: Climate Impacts on Weed Management and Soil Health - South Deerfield, MA

When: Tuesday, October 8, 2024, 4-6pm, with a light supper to follow

Where: UMass Crop & Livestock Research & Education Farm, 89 River Rd., South Deerfield, MA, 01373

Registration: Free! Please register in advance so we can order enough food. Click here to register.

How are climate change and hotter temperatures affecting our soils? Often, practices like reducing tillage and cover cropping are recommended to improve soil health, reduce risk of topsoil loss and enhance resilience to drought and flood—practices that can also affect weed management. UMass Extension will discuss general impacts of climate change on soil health and highlight current research on updating recommendations for planting timing and overwintering survival of cover crop species in MA. Maria Gannett, UMass Extension Weeds Specialist, will relate these strategies to how they can impact weed management.

1 pesticide recertification credit is available for this program.

This event is co-sponsored by CISA as part of their Adapting your Farm to Climate Change Series.

Food Safety & Storage in a Warmer New England

When: Tuesday, October 15, 4-5:30 pm

Where: Kitchen Garden Farm, 131 S. Silver Lane, Sunderland, MA, 01375

Registration: Free, registration info coming soon!

Join UMass Extension, CISA, and UVM Extension for a climate-themed twilight meeting at Kitchen Garden Farm in Sunderland, MA!

• Lilly Israel and Max Traunstein, Owners, Kitchen Garden Farm - Tour of the farm's postharvest and food production facilities, and discussion on how the farm is considering climate change and food safety in its operations.
• Chris Callahan, Extension Associate Professor, UVM Extension Ag Engineering  - Precooling resources, sizing CoolBots and coolers, condensation management, and guidance on sorting/culling product for storage
• Lisa McKeag, Extension Educator, UMass Extension - Overview of potential climate impacts on food safety

This event is co-sponsored by CISA as part of their Adapting your Farm to Climate Change series.

Save the Date! Gaining Ground Farm Tour

When: Thursday, October 17, 2024, 4-6pm

Where: Gaining Ground, 341 Virginia Rd., Concord, MA 01742

Join New Entry and UMass Extension for a farm tour of Gaining Ground Farm in Concord, MA!

Registration and event details coming soon.

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Vegetable Notes. Maria Gannett, Genevieve Higgins, Lisa McKeag, Susan Scheufele, Alireza Shokoohi, Hannah Whitehead, co-editors. All photos in this publication are credited to the UMass Extension Vegetable Program unless otherwise noted.

Where trade names or commercial products are used, no company or product endorsement is implied or intended. Always read the label before using any pesticide. The label is the legal document for product use. Disregard any information in this newsletter if it is in conflict with the label.

The University of Massachusetts Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer, United States Department of Agriculture cooperating. Contact your local Extension office for information on disability accommodations. Contact the State Center Directors Office if you have concerns related to discrimination, 413-545-4800.