Tree and Shrub Insecticide Active Ingredients: Risks to Pollinators and Other Non-Target Organisms

The following is a list of active ingredients useful in the management of insect and mite pests of ornamental trees and shrubs. To see information about the mode of action or chemical class to which the active ingredient belongs, pest insects or mites targeted by the active ingredient, hazard levels to honeybees, other beneficial insects, aquatic insects, and non-target organisms, click on the active ingredient of interest to expand the table.

*L = Landscape use; N = Nursery use listed if at least one product is registered for those uses in MA in those locations at the time this publication was drafted. If this document contradicts the product label, follow the product label. At least two different product labels, if available, were consulted for each active ingredient. Pests targeted and hazard levels represent multiple product examples.

Abamectin (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Avermectin/

Milbemycin

Foliar applications: European red mite, twospotted spider mite, Carmine spider mite, southern red mite, spruce spider mite, Tarsonemid mites, Eriophyid mites, Liriomyza leafminers, boxwood leafminer, aphids, thrips, and whiteflies. Injections: aphids, thrips, whiteflies, clearwing moth borers, leaf beetles, leaf miners, Lepidopteran larvae including gypsy moth, mites, rust mites, gall mites, eriophyid mites, plant bugs, roundheaded borers, sawfly larvae, scolytid bark beetles, and sycamore lace bugs.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to fish and wildlife.

Acephate (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Organophosphate

Foliar applications: aphids, Lygus plant bugs, thrips, black vine weevil, strawberry root weevil, and ants in container grown nursery stock, bagworms, birch leafminer, lace bug, leafroller, tent caterpillar, Douglas fir tussock moth, gypsy moth, webworms, scale (crawlers), spring and fall cankerworms, Nantucket pine tip moth, root weevil adults, boxelder bug, budworm, leafhopper, sawflies, Japanese beetles, and elm leaf beetle larvae on specified ornamental trees and shrubs. Injections: certain products are labelled for use against many chewing insects (including Lepidopterous larvae) such as cankerworms, eastern tent caterpillar, gypsy moth, forest tent caterpillar, and many others. Also labelled for the management of leafminers, gall midges, sawflies, birch leafminer, and piercing-sucking insects and mites including: adelgids, aphids, leafhoppers, mealybug, scale insects, white flies, lacebugs, plant bugs, boxelder bugs, thrips, and spider mites.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed directly on blooming crops. The product and its degradate are highly toxic to bees.

Not specified on label.

Highly Toxic to birds. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Acequinocyl (N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Mitochondrial Complex III Electron Transport Inhibitors

A miticide for the management of citrus red mite, European red mite, pacific spider mite, Texas citrus mite, spruce spider mite, two-spotted spider mite, Willamette spider mite, strawberry spider mite, and broad mites.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to aquatic invertebrates such as Eastern oysters and mysid shrimp. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Acetamiprid (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Neonicotinoid

Foliar applications: aphids, European pine sawfly, psyllids, tentiform leaf miner, mealybugs, leafhoppers, caterpillars, hard and soft scales, plant bugs, adelgids, whiteflies, swede midge, fungus gnat larvae, crane fly larvae, citrus thrips, other thrips, leaf eating beetles, strawberry weevils, and leaf miners.

Toxic-Very Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to birds and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Azadirachtin (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Multiple

Foliar application or soil drench: aphids, armyworms, black vine weevil, fungus gnats, leafminers, western flower thrips, sweet potato whitefly, silverleaf whitefly, greenhouse whitefly, bagworms, cankerworms, cutworms, leafhoppers, leafrollers, sawflies, and tent caterpillars. Injections: emerald ash borer, gypsy moth, tent caterpillars, leaf miners, spruce budworm, Jack pine budworm, hemlock woolly adelgid, elm leaf beetle, European elm scale, red elm bark weevil, and sawflies.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Biopesticide

Foliar application: loopers, budworms, diamondback moth, European grapevine moth, armyworms, light brown apple moth, tobacco budworm, omnivorous looper, omnivorous leafroller, hornworm, Io moth, oleander moth, and azalea caterpillar; on forest, shade, sugar maple trees and ornamentals: gypsy moth, bagworm, redhumped caterpillar, spring and fall cankerworm, fall webworm, elm spanworm, tent caterpillars, California oakworm, pine butterfly, spruce budworms, saddled prominent caterpillar, Douglas fir tussock moth, western tussock moth, fruittree leafroller, blackheaded budworm, mimosa webworm, Jack pine budworm, saddleback caterpillar, greenstriped mapleworm, and hemlock looper. The insects this may be used for may vary by product and the intended crop.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to the green lacewing and the predatory mite (Metaseiulus occidentalis).

Toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Certain products cannot be applied within ¼ mile of habitats of endangered or threatened Lepidoptera.

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Biopesticide

The insects this may be used for may vary by product and the intended crop. An extensive list of Lepidopterous (butterfly or moth) caterpillars is provided by many products, including but not limited to: armyworm, bagworm, cutworm, Douglas-fir tussock moth, elm spanworm, fall cankerworm, fall webworm, gypsy moth, Jack pine budworm, loopers, mimosa webworm, orange dog, redbanded leafroller, redhumped caterpillar, spruce budworm, tent caterpillar, and western tussock moth.

Not specified on label.

Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Certain products cannot be applied aerially within ¼ mile of habitats of endangered or threatened Lepidoptera.

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (L)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Biopesticide

Elm leaf beetle in elm trees; check product label for limitations to specific tree species.

Not specified on label.

Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Beauveria bassiana (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Biopesticide

Orthoptera, whitefly, aphids, thrips, psyllids, mealybugs, leafhoppers and planthoppers, stem-boring Lepidoptera, foliage-feeding Lepidoptera, leaf-feeding beetles, scarab beetles, plant bugs, and weevils. Also two-spotted spider mite.

Potentially pathogenic to honeybees. Avoid applying to areas where honeybees are actively foraging or around beehives.

Not specified on label.

May be toxic to fish. Drift and runoff may be hazardous to aquatic organisms in water adjacent to treated areas.

Bifenazate (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Mitochondrial Complex III Electron Transport Inhibitors

Twospotted spider mite, pacific mite, strawberry mite, European red mite, citrus red mite, clover mite, southern red mite, spruce spider mite, bamboo spider mite, and Lewis mite.

Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment. Do not apply while bees are actively visiting the treatment area.

Certain products, when used as directed, do not adversely affect populations of beneficial/ predacious mites and insects, including: common green lacewing, insidious pirate bug, and certain lady beetles.

Toxic to birds, estuarine/ marine invertebrates, and fish. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Bifenthrin (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Pyrethroid

Bagworms, cutworms, elm leaf beetles, fall webworms, gypsy moth caterpillars, lace bugs, leaf feeding caterpillars, tent caterpillars, adelgids, aphids, beetles, black vine weevils, broad mites, budworms, Japanese beetle, leafhoppers, leafrollers, mealybugs, plant bugs, psyllids, scale crawlers, spider mites, thrips, tree hoppers, twig borers, weevils, whiteflies, ants, leafminers, sawfly larvae, and stink bugs.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatments or residues on blooming crops or weeds.

Not specified on label.

Extremely Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Drift and run-off from treated areas may be hazardous to aquatic organisms in neighboring areas. Care should be taken when applying around ornamental ponds with fish or reptile pets.

Buprofezin (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Inhibitors of Chitin Biosynthesis, Type I

Nymphal stages of whitefly, scales, psylla, mealybugs, planthoppers, and leafhoppers. Some labels state suppression of oviposition of adults and reduced viability of eggs.

Not specified on label.

Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Carbaryl (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Carbamate

Ants, armyworms, azalea leafminer, bagworms, balsam twig aphid, birch leafminer, boxwood leafminer, browntail moth, eastern spruce gall adelgid, elm bark beetle, elm leaf beetle, gall midges, gall wasps, gypsy moth, holly leafminer, Ips engraver beetles, Japanese beetles, lace bugs, leafhoppers, leafrollers, spittlebugs, etc.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops or weeds. (Certain products state: “May kill honeybees and other bees in substantial numbers.”)

Not specified on label.

Extremely Toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Chlorantraniliprole (L)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Diamide

Leaf-feeding caterpillars (such as bagworms and tussock moth caterpillars), lace bugs, aphids, birch leafminer, and clearwing borers.

Not specified on label.

“Does not directly impact natural arthropod predator and parasitoid populations including ladybird beetles, lacewings, minute pirate bugs, and predatory mites.”

Toxic to aquatic invertebrates, oysters, and shrimp.

Chlorpyrifos (Non-residential landscapes, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Organophosphate

Adelgids, aphids, bark beetles, beetles, borers, boxelder bugs, caterpillars (various), lace bugs, leafhoppers, mealybugs, periodical cicada, plant bugs, psyllids, scales, spider mites, spittlebugs, thornbug, thrips, weevils, and whiteflies.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops or weeds.

Not specified on label

Toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates, small mammals, and birds.

Chromobacterium subtsugae (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Biopesticide

Foliar-feeding pests, including caterpillars, and certain Lepidoptera. Aphids, gypsy moth, fall webworm, tent caterpillars, tussock moths, psyllids, whiteflies, Lygus spp., mealybugs, thrips, and phytophagous mites.

Not specified on label.

“Toxic to certain nontarget terrestrial arthropods.”

Toxic to aquatic invertebrates.

Clofentezine (N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Mite Growth Inhibitor

Two-spotted spider mite, pacific spider mite, McDaniel spider mite, European red mite, and yellow spider mite.

Not specified on label.

“Limited to no effect on beneficial insects, particularly predatory mites.”

Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Clothianidin (L)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Neonicotinoid

Adelgids, lacebugs, leaf beetles, leafhoppers, leafminers, mealybugs, psyllids, root weevils, thrips, whiteflies, and white grubs.

Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Cyantraniliprole (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Diamide

Aphids, fall webworm, gypsy moth, Japanese beetle (adult), lace bugs, leaf beetles (larvae), leaf feeding beetles, leaf eating caterpillars, lecanium scales, oak lecanium, redbud leaffolder, soft scales, thrips, viburnum leaf beetle larvae, and whiteflies.

Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment on blooming crops or weeds.

“Does not directly impact natural arthropod predator and parasitoid populations including ladybird beetles, lacewings, minute pirate bugs, and predatory mites.”

Do not contaminate water by cleaning of equipment or disposing of equipment wash water or rinsate.

Cyflumetofen (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Beta-Ketonitrile Derivative

Banks grass mite, brown almond mite, brown wheat mite, carmine spider mite, citrus red mite, European red mite, McDaniel spider mite, pacific spider mite, spruce spider mite, strawberry spider mite, Texas citrus mite, two-spotted spider mite, Willamette spider mite, and Yuma spider mite.

Not specified on label.

“Compatible with the use of beneficial/ predacious insects or mites including common lacewing, insidious flower bug, predatory mite, seven-spotted lady beetle, six-spotted thrips, spider mite destroyer, and western predatory mite.”

Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Do not contaminate water by cleaning of equipment or disposing of equipment wash water or rinsate.

Cyfluthrin (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Pyrethroid

Ants, aphids, armyworms, azalea caterpillars, bagworms, black vine weevil (adult), boxelder bugs, bristly rose slugs, budworms, cankerworms, casebearers, clover mites, elm leaf beetles, elm spanworms, gypsy moth larvae, Japanese beetles (adult), lace bugs, mealybugs, plant bugs, sawfly larvae, scale insects (crawler stages), tent caterpillars, thrips, webworms, and whiteflies.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on crops or weeds.

Not specified on label.

Extremely Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates.

Cypermethrin (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Pyrethroid

Bark beetles, borers, boxelder bugs, elm leaf beetles, and gypsy moths.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment on blooming crops/plants or weeds.

Not specified on label.

Extremely Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Cyromazine (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Triazine

Selected insects, including Dipterous leafminers (Liriomyza spp.), fungus gnats, and shore flies. Does not manage adult stage.

“Cyromazine acts as a growth regulator, affecting the molting process of target pests, and therefore, may have an effect on bee larvae, but not on adult bees. Exposure to adult bees, either through overspray or contact with residues, may lead to effects to bee larvae.”

Not specified on label.

Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Deltamethrin (L)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Pyrethroid

Adelgids, ants, aphids, azalea lace bugs, bagworms, boxelder bugs, cankerworms, elm leaf beetles, elm spanworms, European pine sawflies, fall webworms, flea beetles, gypsy moth (larvae), imported willow leaf beetles, Japanese beetles, lace bugs, leaf-feeding caterpillars, leafhoppers, leaf rollers, loopers, leaf skeletonizers, mealybugs, midges, mimosa webworm, plant bugs, redhumped caterpillar, sawfly larvae, spanworms, scale insects (crawlers), tent caterpillars, and webworms.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment.

Not specified on label.

Extremely Toxic to fresh water and estuarine fish and invertebrates.

Diazinon (N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Organophosphate

Pests specified for use on specific host plants. Pests include: leafminers of arborvitae and scale insects (crawlers), privet mite, leafminers of birch, boxwood, and oak, holly leafminers, coccus and pulvinaria scale (crawlers), aphids, bud moths, European pine shoot moth, rose chafer, etc.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or to residues on crops.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to fish and wildlife. Birds feeding in treated areas may be killed.

Dicrotophos (L)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Organophosphate

Pests specified for use on specific host plants. Injection. Pests include: aphids, leafhoppers, emerald ash borer, gypsy moth, bronze birch borer, birch leafminer, eastern tent caterpillar, dogwood twig borer, European elm scale, elm leaf beetle, gaudy and oak gall wasps, obscure scale, pit-making scale, European pine sawfly, spider mites, etc.

Highly Toxic to bees.

Not specified on label.

Highly Toxic to aquatic organisms and wildlife.

Diflubenzuron (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Inhibitors of Chitin Biosynthesis, Type 0

Armyworms, bagworms, browntail moth, budworms, cankerworms, gypsy moths, hemlock looper, leafminers (Lepidopterous), oakworms, pine shoot moth, pine tip moths, sawflies, spanworms, tent caterpillars, tussock moths, webworms, weevils (Diaprepes spp. and Pissodes spp.), and Zimmerman moth.

Minimize the exposure of certain products to bees and other insect pollinators. Drift of certain products onto beehives or off-site to pollinator attractive habitats can result in bee kills.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Dimethoate (N)

Active Ingredient

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Dimethoate (N)

Organophosphate

Sucking, piercing, and chewing insects, including aphids, leaf miners, leafhoppers, mites, psyllids, scales, and thrips. Pests listed on label may be specified for use on specific host plants.

Highly Toxic to bees and other pollinators exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops or weeds.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to wildlife and aquatic invertebrates.

Dinotefuran (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Neonicotinoid

Adelgids, aphids, bagworms, flatheaded borers, froghoppers, horned oak gall, Japanese beetles, lacebugs, leaf beetles, leafhoppers, leafminers, mealybugs, plantbugs, psyllids, root weevils, roundheaded borers, sawfly larvae, scales (armored and soft), thrips, treehoppers, whiteflies, and white pine weevil.

Highly Toxic to bees and honeybees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops or weeds. Can kill bees and other insect pollinators.

Can kill bees and other insect pollinators.

Toxic to shrimp and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. May be hazardous to aquatic organisms.

Emamectin benzoate (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Avermectin/

Milbemycin

Injections: (Note: some products are to be applied to ash trees only; not allowed on trees that may yield food consumed by humans or used in animal feed.) Aphid, bagworm, clearwing borers, conifer mites, cynipid gall wasp, fall webworm, gypsy moth, leafminers, sawflies, tent caterpillars, tussock moth, winter moth, flathead borers (including emerald ash borers, two-lined chestnut borers, and bronze birch borer), clearwing borers, longhorn borers, and scolytids (bark beetles).

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming trees.

Not specified on label.

Highly Toxic to fish, mammals, and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Esfenvalerate (N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Pyrethroid

Balsam twig aphid, balsam woolly adelgid, European pine sawfly, Nantucket pine tip moth, northern pine weevil, pales weevil, pine chafer, pine needle midge, red pine sawfly, redheaded pine sawfly, spittlebugs, and spruce budworm.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops or weeds.

Not specified on label.

Extremely Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Etoxazole (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Mite Growth Inhibitor

Spider mites including: citrus red mite, European red mite, Lewis spider mite, pacific spider mite, southern red mite, spruce spider mite, and two-spotted spider mite. Additional species labelled for use on Christmas trees.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to freshwater and marine/estuarine aquatic invertebrates, including oysters and shrimp. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Fenazaquin (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Mitochondrial Complex I Electron Transport Inhibitors

Mites and whiteflies. Certain products are labelled for use on specific species, including: brown mite, European red mite, McDaniel spider mite, pacific spider mite, strawberry spider mite, spruce spider mite, twospotted spider mite, and Willamette spider mite.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct application on blooming crops, weeds, and ornamental plants.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Fenpropathrin (N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Pyrethroid

European red mite, greenhouse whitefly, lacebugs, leafhoppers, southern red mite, two-spotted spider mite, black vine weevil adults, Japanese beetle, mealybugs, aphids, thrips, San Jose scale crawlers, woolly apple aphid, etc. Take note that certain pests are only labelled for certain commodities.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops or weeds.

Not specified on label.

Extremely Toxic to fish and aquatic organisms and is toxic to wildlife. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Fenpyroximate (N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Mitochondrial Complex I Electron Transport Inhibitors

A contact miticide and insecticide used for the control of spider mites and other mite pests in greenhouse ornamental crops. Pests listed for ornamental trees, vines, shrubs foliage, and flowering plants include: spider mites, tarsonemid mites, broad mites, cyclamen mite, eriophyid mites, hemlock rust mite, hackberry rust mite, mealybugs, citrus mealybug, long-tailed mealybug, etc.

Minimum honeybee toxicity. Fenpyroximate is practically nontoxic to bees and wasps when it is applied to listed crops according to label directions.

Not specified on label.

Very Highly Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Flonicamid (Commercial Landscapes, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Chordotonal Organ Modulator

Aphids, thrips, whiteflies, leafhoppers, mealybugs, plant bugs, scale, and stinkbugs. Certain specific species listed on certain product labels.

Not specified on label.

Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Fluvalinate (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Pyrethroid

Aphids, thrips, mites, clover mites, whiteflies, leaf-feeding caterpillars (gypsy moth, bagworm, canker worm, etc.), Lygus plant bugs, beetles (Flea, cucumber, elm leaf), leafhoppers, earwigs, ants, crickets, armyworms, cutworms, sowbugs, millipedes, springtails, adelgids, glassy-wing sharpshooters, strawberry root weevil, obscure root weevil, blackvine root weevil, etc. (Pests labelled depend upon treatment location.)

Toxic to honeybees if bees are exposed to direct application. Dried residues of certain products are listed as non-toxic to honeybees.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to fish and aquatic organisms. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Gamma-Cyhalothrin (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Pyrethroid

Ants, armyworms, azalea caterpillars, aphids, bagworms, black vine weevils, boxelder bugs, budworms, cankerworms, cutworms, eastern tent caterpillars, elm leaf beetles, European sawflies, fall webworms, flea beetles, forest tent caterpillars, gypsy moth larvae, Japanese beetles, June beetles, lace bugs, leaf-feeding caterpillars, leafhoppers, leafminers, leaf rollers, leaf skeletonizers, pine sawflies, pine shoot beetles, pinetip moths, plant bugs, root weevils, sawflies, scale insects, spittlebugs, striped beetles, striped oakworms, thrips, tip moths, tussock moth larvae, broad mites, brown softscales, clover mites, mealybugs, pine needle scales, spider mites, and white flies. Labels for use for specific insects vary with product.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops and weeds.

Not specified on label.

Extremely Toxic to fish and aquatic organisms and Toxic to wildlife. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Hexythiazox (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Mite Growth Inhibitor

Arborvitae spider mite, European red mite, honey locust spider mite, pacific spider mite, southern red mite, spruce spider mite, strawberry spider mite, twospotted spider mite, and Willamette mite.

Not specified on label.

Certain products are labelled with language such that hexythiazox provides extended residual control of pest mite species without disrupting beneficial insects and mites.

Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Horticultural Oil (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Multiple

Adelgids, aphids, eriophyid mites, gall mites, honey locust plant bug, lace bugs, leaf beetle larvae, leafminers, leafrollers, mealybugs, psyllids, sawfly larvae, scales, spider mites, thrips, webworms, and white flies. Different products may list different pests depending upon location and timing of use.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to fish. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Imidacloprid (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Neonicotinoid

Adelgids (hemlock woolly adelgid), aphids, leaf-feeding beetles (Japanese beetle, vine weevil adults), emerald ash borer, leaf-feeding bugs (lace bugs, leaf bugs, and plant bugs), leafhoppers, planthoppers, sharpshooters, spittlebugs, mealybugs, psyllids, sawfly larvae, thrips, and whiteflies. Certain injected products labelled for bronze birch borer, flatheaded borer, longhorned beetles, etc. Specific insects labelled for use vary with product.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops/plants or weeds. (Certain products do not have this labelling due to the method of application, ex. injection.)

Can kill other insect pollinators, either by direct contact during applications, contact with residues on plant surfaces, and residues in nectar and pollen.

Highly Toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Indoxacarb (L)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channel Blocker

Leaf-feeding caterpillars (bagworms, gypsy moth caterpillars, tent caterpillars, tussock moth caterpillars, webworms, and yellownecked caterpillars), European pine sawfly, and potato leafhopper.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment on blooming crops or weeds.

Certain products do not directly impact natural arthropod predator and parasitoid populations including ladybird beetles, lacewings, minute pirate bugs, and predatory mites.

Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Insecticidal Soap (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Multiple

Adelgids, ants, aphids, elm leaf beetle larvae, sawfly larvae, gypsy moth eggs and larvae, Japanese beetles, lace bugs, leafhoppers, mealybugs, rust mites, phylloxera, spider mites, plant bugs, psyllid, scales, tent caterpillars, exposed thrips, and whitefly.

Not specified on label.

May be hazardous to aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Isaria (Paecilomyces) fumosoroseus (N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Biopesticide

Whiteflies, aphids, thrips, spider mites, leafminers, mealybugs, psyllids, plant bugs, black vine weevil, root weevils, crown weevils, thrips pupae, grape phylloxera, rootworms, wireworms, Coleoptera grubs and larvae, Lepidoptera caterpillars and larvae, and symphylans.

Do not apply when bees are actively foraging.

Certain products are compatible with beneficial arthropods, as specified on the label.

Drift and runoff may be hazardous to aquatic organisms in water adjacent to treated areas. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Lambda-Cyhalothrin (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Pyrethroid

Armyworms, azalea caterpillars, aphids, bagworms, black vine weevils, boxelder bugs, budworms, cankerworms, cutworms, eastern tent caterpillars, elm leaf beetles, European sawflies, fall webworms, forest tent caterpillars, gypsy moth larvae, Japanese beetles, lace bugs, leaf-feeding caterpillars, leafhoppers, leafminers, leaf rollers, leaf skeletonizers, midges, pine sawflies, pine shoot beetles, pinetip moths, plant bugs, root weevils, sawflies, scale insects (crawlers), spittlebugs, stink bugs, striped oakworms, thrips, tussock moth larvae, broadmites, brown soft scales (crawlers), clover mites, mealybugs, pine needle scales (crawlers), spider mites, and whiteflies.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops or weeds.

Not specified on label.

Extremely Toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms and certain products are toxic to wildlife. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. When applying certain products, avoid household pets, particularly fish and reptiles.

Malathion (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Organophosphate

Aphids, bagworms, boxelder bugs, fourlined plant bugs, hemlock woolly adelgids, Japanese beetles, lace bugs, leafhoppers, mealybugs, spruce mites, tarnished plant bugs, thrips, woolly aphids, and scales.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment on blooming crops or weeds.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to aquatic organisms, including fish and invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Metarhizium anisopliae (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Biopesticide

Thrips, weevils, mites, and whiteflies.

Not specified on label.

Certain products contain an ingredient that is toxic to fish. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Methiocarb (N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Carbamate

Aphids, mites, western flower thrips, slugs, and snails.

Very highly toxic to honey bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming shrubs, flowers, weeds, and trees.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to fish, very highly toxic to birds and mammals.

Neem Oil (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Multiple

Whiteflies, beetles, mealybugs, aphids, leafhoppers, leafrollers spider mites, scales, etc.

Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment.

Not specified on label.

Hazardous to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Orthoboric (Boric) Acid (L)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Multiple

Ants, cockroaches, crickets, and mole crickets.

Not specified on label.

Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Permethrin (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Pyrethroid

Ants, aphids, bagworm, birch leafminer, cankerworms, gypsy moth caterpillars, Japanese beetles, lace bug, leaf feeding caterpillars, leafhoppers, leafminers, leafrollers, mealybugs, Nantucket pine tip moth, pine sawflies, plant bugs, root weevils, seed bugs, tent caterpillars, webworms, whiteflies, Zimmerman pine moth, clearwing borers, ash borer, banded ash clearwing, dogwood borer, lesser peachtree borer, lilac borer, oak borer, peachtree borer, rhododendron borer, bark beetles (Dendroctonus spp., Ips spp., elm bark beetles, mountain pine beetle, pine engravers, turpentine beetles, etc.), and Coleopteran borers (bronze birch borer, flatheaded appletree borer).

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment on blooming crops or weeds.

Not specified on label.

Extremely Toxic to fish and aquatic organisms, including invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Phosmet (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Organophosphate

Elm spanworm, birch leafminer, eastern tent caterpillar, elm leaf beetle larvae, gypsy moth, leafhopper, magnolia leafminer, mealybug, Japanese beetle, redhumped caterpillar, snails, slugs, and spring cankerworm.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed directly to treatment of residues on crops.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Pymetrozine (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Chordotonal Organ TRPV Channel Modulator

Whiteflies and aphids.

Low toxicity to honeybees and bumblebees.

Low toxicity to beneficial insects and beneficial mite populations.

Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Pyrethrin (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Pyrethroid

Labelled for use against many pests, including but not limited to: adelgids, ants, aphids, armyworms, bag worms, beetles, birch leafminer, black vine weevil, boxelder bugs, budworms, cankerworms, caterpillars, clearwing borer, conifer spider mite, eastern tent caterpillar, elm leaf beetles, fall cankerworms, fall webworms, forest tent caterpillars, gypsy moths, inchworms, Japanese beetle, leafhoppers, leafminers, leafrollers, leaftiers, lesser peachtree borer, loopers, mimosa webworm, Nantucket pine tip moth, pine bark beetles, root weevils, southern pine beetle, southern red mite, tarnished plant bugs, thrips, and whiteflies.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment on blooming crops or weeds.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to aquatic organisms including fish and invertebrates.

Pyridaben (N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Mitochondrial Complex I Electron Transport Inhibitors

Including but not limited to: broad mite, European red mite, southern red mite, tumid mite, twospotted spider mite, and whiteflies.

Toxic – Highly Toxic to bees. (Depending upon the product.) Do not allow drift onto blooming crops or weeds.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Pyriproxyfen (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Juvenile Hormone Mimic

Aphids, greenhouse whitefly, silverleaf whitefly, black scale, euonymus scale, Florida wax scale, suppression of mealybugs, San Jose scale, snow scale, spotted tentiform leafminer, fungus gnats, and shore flies.

Not specified on label.

Certain products do not kill adult insects, but greatly reduce their production of viable eggs. Certain products are intended for use in an IPM program.

Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Spinosad (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

NACHR Allosteric Modulator

Elm leaf beetle, viburnum leaf beetle, willow leaf beetle, azalea caterpillar, bagworm, cankerworm, diamondback moth, eastern tent caterpillar, fall webworm, gypsy moth, oblique banded leafroller, orange striped oakworm, spruce budworm, tussock moths, winter moth, yellownecked caterpillar, European pine sawfly, pear sawfly, redheaded pine sawfly, shore fly, thrips, chilli thrips, Cuban laurel thrips, western flower thrips, dipterous gall midges, dipterous leafminers, Lewis mites, Nantucket pine tip moth, spider mites, spruce spider mite, two-spotted spider mite, lepidopterous larvae, and sawfly larvae.

Toxic to bees exposed to treatment during the 3 hours following treatment. Do not apply to blooming, pollen shedding, or nectar-producing parts of plants if bees may forage on the plants during this time period.

Certain products are meant for IPM programs. Other than reducing the target pest as a food source, certain products do not have a significant impact on certain parasitic insects or the natural predaceous arthropod complex including big-eyed bugs, ladybird beetles, lacewings, flower bugs, minute pirate bugs, damsel bugs, assassin bugs, and predatory mites or spiders.

Toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Spiromesifen (L, N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Inhibitors of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

Spider mites, twospotted spider mite, southern red mite, maple spider mite, spruce spider mite, honeylocust spider mite, Euonymus mite, boxwood spider mite, tumid mite, Lewis mite, false spider mites, rust and blister mites, tarsonemid mites, broad mites, cyclamen mites, whiteflies, silverleaf whitefly, greenhouse whitefly, and sweetpotato whitefly.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Spirotetramat (N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Inhibitors of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

Adelgids, aphids, leafhoppers, mealybugs, psyllids, rust mites, scale crawlers, spider mites, spittlebugs, tarsonemid mites, thrips, and whiteflies.

Potentially Toxic to honeybee larvae through residues in pollen and nectar, but not to adult honeybees. Exposure to adult bees to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops can lead to effects on honey bee larvae.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to aquatic invertebrates and oysters. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Tebufenozide (N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Ecdysone Receptor Agonists

Bagworms, browntail moth, elm spanworm, fall cankerworm, fall webworm, gypsy moth, hemlock looper, Jack pine budworm, puss caterpillar, tent caterpillar, forest tent caterpillar, eastern tent caterpillar, Zimmerman pine moth, pine tip moth, spruce budworm, and tussock moths.

Specifically interrupts the molting process of certain lepidopterous caterpillars. Impact to honeybees not specified on label.

Certain products allow for the maintenance of populations of beneficial and predatory insects.

Toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark, except under forest canopy when aerially applied to control forest pests.

Thiamethoxam (N)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Neonicotinoid

Ants, aphids, adelgids, lace bugs, leaf beetles, leafhoppers, leafminer, leaf gall forming insects, mealybugs, midges, plant bug, psyllids, sawflies, soft scales, thrips, whiteflies, black vine weevil, root aphids, fungus gnats, Japanese beetles, hemlock woolly adelgid, and root weevil larvae.

Highly Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops/plants or weeds if bees are foraging.

Certain products can kill bees and other insect pollinators. Certain products state that because the active ingredient degrades quickly on leaf surfaces, it can be compatible with beneficial arthropods.

Toxic to wildlife and Highly Toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.

Trichlorfon (L)

Mode of Action/Chemical Class

Pest Insects Targeted (According to Product Labels*)

*Lists may not include all species specified on label.

Hazard Level to Honeybees

Hazards to Other Beneficial Insects

Hazards to Aquatic Insects or Non-Targets

Organophosphate

Cutworms, armyworms, webworms, and narcissus bulb fly.

Not specified on label.

Toxic to fish and wildlife and Extremely Toxic to aquatic invertebrates.

Further Resources:

MA Pesticide Product Registration and State Restricted Use Products: https://www.mass.gov/pesticide-product-registration

Search for Massachusetts Registered Insecticides: http://www.kellysolutions.com/ma/

Search by company name, product name, pest, pesticide type, active ingredient, company ID, product EPA ID, site, formulation type, and restricted use.

Insecticide Mode of Action Classification: http://www.irac-online.org/modes-of-action/

US Environmental Protection Agency, Label Review Manual, Chapter 8: Environmental Hazards: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-03/documents/chap-08-sep-2012.pdf

National Pesticide Information Center, Regulation of Pesticide Labels: http://npic.orst.edu/reg/label.html

Author:

Tawny Simisky, Entomology Specialist

Last Updated:

July 2018

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