Landscape Message: October 7, 2022

UMass Extension's Landscape Message is an educational newsletter intended to inform and guide Massachusetts Green Industry professionals in the management of our collective landscape. Detailed reports from scouts and Extension specialists on growing conditions, pest activity, and cultural practices for the management of woody ornamentals, trees, and turf are regular features. The following issue has been updated to provide timely management information and the latest regional news and environmental data.

The Landscape Message will be updated once in November. The next message will be posted on November 11. To receive immediate notification when the next Landscape Message update is posted, be sure to join our e-mail list 

To read individual sections of the message, click on the section headings below to expand the content:

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Scouting Information by Region

Environmental Data

The following data was collected on or about October 5, 2022. Total accumulated growing degree days (GDD) represent the heating units above a 50º F baseline temperature collected via regional NEWA stations (http://newa.cornell.edu) for the 2022 calendar year. This information is intended for use as a guide for monitoring the developmental stages of pests in your location and planning management strategies accordingly.

MA Region/Location	GDD		Soil Temp (°F at 4" depth)		Precipitation (2-Week Gain)	Time/Date of Readings
	2-Week Gain	2022 Total	Sun	Shade
CAPE	105	2704	60	58	4.43	12:00 PM 10/5
SOUTHEAST	87.5	2806	60	58	3.4	3:00 PM 10/5
NORTH SHORE	73	2699	56	54	1.13	10:30 AM 10/5
EAST	81	2973	57	53	1.42	4:00 PM 10/5
METRO	61	2763	53	52	0.77	5:30 AM 10/5
CENTRAL	53	2778	56	52	1.79	8:30 AM 10/5
PIONEER VALLEY	54.5	2781.5	59	57	1.69	3:00 PM 10/5
BERKSHIRES	24	2272	57	51	2.72	7:00 AM 10/5
AVERAGE	67	2722	57	54	2.17	_
* = information not available

As of 10/4, the entire state remained in stages of dry/drought ranging from D0 to D3: Massachusetts | U.S. Drought Monitor (unl.edu)   

Regional Notes

Cape Cod Region (Barnstable)

General Conditions: The average temperature for the period from Sept. 21 thru Oct. 5 was 59°F with a high of 77°F on Sept. 22 and a low of 46°F on Sept. 24. Temperatures have cooled significantly with highs staying just below 60°F so far in October and days were dominated by clouds. Precipitation has been significant with almost 4.5” recorded in Barnstable during the period. Significant precipitation fell on Sept. 22, 26, and Oct. 1 and 4. Most of the precipitation events have included heavy downpours often quickly overcoming storm water capacities. Drought conditions are continuing to subside and soil moisture is currently adequate. Some herbaceous plants seen in bloom include boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum), Russian sage (Salvia yangii), stonecrop ‘Autumn Joy’ (Hylotelephium), goldenrods (Solidago spp.) and asters. Some woody plants in bloom include butterfly bush (Buddleia davidii), rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) and autumn clematis (Clematis terniflora). Maples have begun to show some fall coloration. Acorn crops from white oak are falling, a fairly good crop, in spite of widespread acorn abortion seen during the summer as a result of stress.

Pests/Problems: While the drought conditions are most certainly subsiding the damage to plants is still widely visible. Rhododendron in particular is showing a lot of dieback in many landscapes. Lawns are also suffering; hopefully some have taken advantage of the recent precipitation to seed. The seeding window is getting shorter and there is not much time left for establishment before winter. Tupelo which often provides great fall color is diminished as a result of widespread leafminer damage, (Antispila nysaefoliella); which is reducing foliage quality but does not significantly impact tree health. Oaks are also suffering from some leaf miner damage, solitary oak leafminer, (Cameraria hamadryadella) damage has been seen on both white and black oaks. Beech leaf disease has been found across much of the Cape this season from Sandwich to Provincetown; symptoms can easily be seen where beech are numerous. Damage from what is likely Brown Tail Moth was seen on oak on the outer Cape. Turpentine beetles are still active. Flagging as the result of black oak gall wasp damage has been seen in several areas of the mid-Cape. Some flagging on oak can also be seen as the result of fungal cankers (likely Botryosphaeria). Flagging causes can be differentiated by looking closely at twigs, flagging as a result of Botryosphaeria tends to be on the inner lower crown and flagging as a result of gall wasp on the upper outer crown. Other insects or insect damage seen during the period include lacebug on Andromeda and azalea, spruce spider mite damage on Alberta spruce,and chili thrip damage on Hydrangea. Disease symptoms and signs seen during the period include pear trellis rust on callery pear, tar spot on maple, Volutella blight on boxwood, black spot on rose, cedar apple rust and apple scab on crabapple, Guignardia leaf blight on horsechestnut, Cercospora leaf spot on Hydrangea, and powdery mildew. Weeds seen in bloom include Pennsylvania smartweed (Persicaria pensylvanica), horseweed (Conyza canadensis), carpetweed (Mollugo verticillata), perennial sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis), spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculata) and crabgrass. Yellow jackets and bald-faced hornets are actively searching for food sources.

Southeast Region (Dighton)

General Conditions: The weather has been noticeably cooler and wetter under the influence of Ian. The average daytime high was 76°F. The average nighttime low was 46°F. We had precipitation on Sept 22nd and then again October 1st, 4th and 5th accompanied by gale force winds. There are fewer blooms and correspondingly fewer pollinators to be seen. Here and there are re-bloomers fooled by the shorter day lengths. Hummingbirds are gone. The Orthoptera adults - cricket, katydid and grasshopper are all quite active and singing in chorus. I had been told by a keen observer that 'fairies' were to be seen dancing in the afternoons. Upon further investigation I discovered katydid adults flying in the area. They did seem very much like fairies though, in the afternoon sun low on the horizon, easily confused. Toadstools and mushrooms are plentiful as well. It seems we're well on the way to Halloween. Lawns have recovered from the summer heat and drought. Woody plants are coloring up nicely. Red, sugar, and Japanese maples, tupelo, poison ivy, staghorn sumac, burning bush, and Virginia creeper are all turning color. Everywhere apples, crab apples and grapes are ripened and falling. Plants in flower: Asian Fallopia baldschuanica (silver-lace vine), Hylotelephium x telephium 'Autumn Joy' (sedum), Lagerstroemia (crepe myrtle), Nipponanthemum nipponicum (Montauk daisy), Silphium perfoliatum (cup plant), Symphyotrichum ericoides (white heath aster), and Solidago spp. (goldenrod).

Pests/Problems: Weeds took full advantage of drought stressed and dormant lawns. Wasps and hornets are very aggressive and nests are large.

North Shore (Beverly)

General Conditions: The weather in the first week of this two week reporting period was mostly sunny with some overcast skies. Day temperatures ranged from the mid 60s to the mid 70s. Night temperatures ranged from the mid 40s to the mid 50s. The second week of the reporting period was mostly cloudy and much cooler with day temperatures in the mid 50s and night temperatures ranging from the low 40s to the low 50s. The average daily temperature for this period was 56˚F, with the maximum temperature of 73˚F recorded on September 26 and 27, and the minimum temperature of 42˚F recorded on September 30. Approximately 1.13 inches of rainfall were recorded at Long Hill during the period. Woody plants seen in bloom include: seven-son flower (Heptacodium miconioides), Daphne (Daphne spp.), white bush clover (Lespedeza thunbergii ‘White Fountain’) and blue mist shrub (Caryopteris x clandonensis). Herbaceous plants seen in bloom include: garden Phlox (Phlox paniculata), Japanese Anemone (Anemone x hybrida), hardy Begonia (Begonia grandis), cranesbill (Geranium spp.), autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale) and oxeye or false sunflower (Heliopsis helianthoides).

Pests/Problems: Hinoki false cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and some other evergreen trees are exhibiting a lot of browning of the needles probably due to the summer drought stress. Some Stewartia pseudocamellia trees are exhibiting browning and necrosis of leaves also due to drought stress. Powdery mildew (Microsphaera alni) is still being observed on some lilac varieties. Wild turkeys were observed eating grapes in the landscape. Mosquito activity will continue to decline as we get into the low fall temperatures, but ticks will continue to be active whenever temperatures are above freezing. Remember to protect yourself with repellent when working outdoors especially at dawn and dusk.

East Region (Boston)

General Conditions: Over the past two weeks, daytime temperatures averaged 64˚F with a high of 74˚F on September 26. Overnight temperatures averaged 50˚F. We received 1.42 inches of precipitation, 0.69 inches of that arriving on September 22. The past few days we have been experiencing the remnants of Hurricane Ian. It has been windy, cool and damp. Much of the landscape has responded positively to the recent rainfall. Aster spp. (fall aster), Nipponanthemum nipponicum (Montauk daisy), Sedum spp. ‘Autumn Joy’ and Solidago spp. (goldenrod) are flowering. Red maples are beginning to show fall color.

Pests/Problems: Reynoutria japonica (Japanese knotweed) continues to flower along roadsides. The invasive vine Ampelopsis glandulosa var. brevipedunculata (porcelain berry) fruit is ripening. Entire branch dieback is visible on Rhododendron spp., Ilex spp. (holly) and Tsuga spp. (hemlock).

Metro West (Acton)

General Conditions: Fall arrived on the 22nd of September and signs of this season are evident with fall foliage colors, shortened days and cool temperatures. Seen in the landscape are the red foliage on maples and the yellow foliage on ashes, birches, and honey locusts. With the recent rain and cooler temperatures, lawns are greening up and plants are appearing to look less stressed than they had just a few weeks ago. September’s average rainfall is 3.77” and a total of 3.46” of precipitation was recorded for the month!! Observed in some stage of bloom this past week were the following woody plants: Aster spp. (New England Aster, New York Aster, smooth Aster, white wood Aster), Colchicum autumnale (autumn crocus), Nipponanthemum nipponicum (Montauk daisy), Clematis terniflora (sweet autumn clematis), Heptacodium miconioides (seven-son flower), Hibiscus moscheutos (swamp mallow), and Sedum spp. ‘Autumn Joy’ and ‘Rosy Glow’ (stonecrop).

Pests/Problems: Also exhibiting early fall color is Euonymus alatus (burning bush), now very showy with its brilliant pinkish-red foliage. It’s a non-native, invasive, woody plant found planted in landscapes as well as seen aggressively invading the forest understory. It’s hard to miss!

Central Region (Boylston)

General Conditions: During the last two weeks, temperatures have continued to fall, and precipitation levels are holding steady compared to weeks prior. The low was 39.4°F and the high was 72.4°F with the average sitting at 54.1°F. The total precipitation was 1.79 inches, which is about 0.2 inches more than the prior two weeks. These changes in weather have helped mitigate some of the effects of severe drought in the region. Although the leaf edges of drought-stressed plants have yellowed and recently turned brown, any added moisture is beneficial as these plants prepare for the winter season. Overall, we are entering a colder, wetter season with shorter days and we will likely see more hurricanes like Hurricane Ian and consequent rainstorms as we move into and out of fall. As plants begin to enter dormancy, blooms are becoming increasingly rare. However, the following plant genera or species are currently in bloom: Symphyotrichum spp., Solidago spp., Colchicum autumnale (autumn crocus), Conoclinium coelestinum (blue mistflower), Tricyrtis hirta (Japanese toad lily), Cornus sericea (red osier dogwood) and Kerria japonica (Japanese rose). The blooms of the Cornus and Kerria species are premature, typically occurring in spring. The drought has likely thrown off their annual bloom cycles and stressed the individual plants. Additionally, the following plant species are exhibiting fall color: Acer rubrum (red maple), A. saccharum (sugar maple), Quercus macrocarpa (bur oak), and ^Rubus spp. As of last week, a greater number of our landscape trees have started to change colors. Lastly, fungal fruiting bodies are also appearing in mass this time of year, signaling an increase in moisture and a natural senescence. Overall, the region is experiencing a respite from summer temperature highs and prolonged drought, although it appears as though the early onset of berries in addition to rapidly changing fall colors have been accelerated due to both climatic conditions.

Pests/Problems: Celastrus orbiculatus (Oriental bittersweet) is also bearing beautiful yellow fruit which is being eaten and deposited by birds throughout the landscape. Since its unfortunate introduction to the USA, this aggressive vine that smothers and pulls down trees has spread everywhere. (See tenth photo adjacent.) There are no major pests or problems to report. If anything, Microsphaera alni (powdery mildew) continues to affect our Hamamelis species.

Pioneer Valley Region (Amherst)

General Conditions: The autumn season is rounding into form in the Pioneer Valley with cooling temperatures and increasingly shorter days. The foliage on many deciduous trees and shrubs is starting to senesce but at the time of writing, peak foliage seems to be several days away. We have yet to experience a frost in the valley bottom, although the morning of 9/24 did reach the mid-30s in several locations near the Connecticut River. After a hot and dry summer, September provided some badly needed precipitation along with more moderate temperatures. Rainfall totals for the month of September at NEWA stations in the tri-counties: 5.28” (South Deerfield), 5.69” (Westover AFB, Chicopee), 5.72” (Barnes Airport, Westfield), 5.72” (Orange Municipal Airport) and 7.05” (UMass Cold Springs Orchard, Belchertown). Additionally, the Easthampton gauge recorded 7.15”, showing locally higher amounts were possible. A heavy burst of rainfall occurred on the morning of 10/5, with an accumulation >1” at the Easthampton gauge, suggesting that October may continue the trend of above-average precipitation. The rain in September seemed to give a late season boost to the mosquito population, which had been relatively quiet for much of the summer. Lawns have greened up dramatically since the summer and continue to grow at a steady pace.

Pests/Problems: We can only hope the September rainfall relieved some of the drought stress that many woody plants were experiencing. According to the NCEI, rainfall from May through August was 9.53” (statewide average), well below the 100-year average of 14.83”. The deficit of >5” made this May–Aug stretch the 5th driest since record keeping began in 1895. While southern portions of the valley did fare better during the summer (especially in July) than many other parts of the Commonwealth, Franklin County routinely missed out on many of these summer storms. Wood-rotting fungi continue to emerge with hen of the woods (Grifola frondosa) and Berkeley’s polypore (Bondarzewia berkeleyi; pictured below near a dead Quercus velutina recently observed. Continue to scout for and report cases of beech leaf disease, caused by the foliar nematode Litylenchus crenaate ssp. mccannii. Numerous crabapples and apples are devoid of foliage right now due to apple scab. A variety of foliar disease fungi experience a late season resurgence with the cooler temperatures, increased shade and moisture. Damage at this time is mostly inconsequential but the buildup of overwintering inoculum can aid in disease development next spring. Many of these pathogens are passively managed during fall clean-up when the foliage is removed from the site. For conifers, needle blight pathogens can readily spread to initiate new infections at this time. Rhizosphaera needle cast of spruce is a good example. Some cankering fungi are very active during the autumn season. While the host tree or shrub is entering dormancy, these fungi will expand canker sites to avoid active host defenses. Target canker of hardwoods (Neonectria ditissima) and coral spot canker (Nectria cinnabarina) are good examples.

Berkshire Region (Great Barrington)

General Conditions: After above normal temperatures for much of September, daily temperatures have dropped to near normal or just below normal. Though there have been no reports of frost, I did observe some icing on the foliage of a few patches of grass and the leaves of some vegetables in a very low area despite a nearby temperature reading of 34°F. The really good news is that the prolonged spring and summer drought conditions came to an end in Berkshire County during the past month. Yet, based on weather data recorded at the Pittsfield Airport, year-to-date precipitation up to 3PM on October 4th is 4.27 inches below normal. Nevertheless, the late summer/early fall rain and cool temperatures have had many benefits. For one, it has made ideal conditions for planting trees, shrubs, and many herbaceous perennials. Also, moist soils and steady uptake of water by evergreens in fall helps prevent foliar desiccation and low-temperature injury. Turfgrass, for the most part, has resumed steady growth after having experienced drought-related dormancy in many locations. Where grass remains brown, it can be assumed that it is dead and reseeding or sodding should be done pronto. Conditions are also shaping up to be ideal for the spectacular annual display of colorful fall foliage. The transition which became apparent this past weekend has benefited from the sunny days and cool nights. On the downside, the combination of extensive defoliation by spongy moths and prolonged drought has left many trees without much to show at this time. Many, especially oaks, are completely defoliated.

Pests/Problems: There were few plant pest observations at this time. Among the active pests found were aphids on several annuals and herbaceous perennials, and spider mites on Alberta spruce. Fall webworms were found feeding on the leaves of blueberry plants. Slugs and snails are common, especially on the undersides of drooping plant leaves in contact with the soil. Asian jumping worms are still numerous but nowhere as abundant as they were last year. They are found most commonly where soils are covered with mulch. The reduced numbers may be related to this year’s drought. A quick and localized inspection of trees in wooded areas in West Stockbridge where defoliation had been most severe showed many fewer spongy moth egg masses on the tree trunks and branches than at the same time last year. This, along with many earlier observations of fungal and virus-infected caterpillars offers hope that next year’s infestation and related defoliation will be much reduced. Deer ticks remain common. Take precautions to protect against tick bites. Also, as our dog unfortunately discovered after diving into a shrub in pursuit of a vole, yellow jackets can be very aggressive at this time of year. So, be conscious of in-ground wasp nests. Deer browsing on landscape plants, both herbaceous and woody, has seemingly picked up, perhaps because plants in managed landscapes are more succulent now than are plants in the wild. Powdery mildew is common on the foliage of many herbaceous perennials.

Regional Scouting Credits

• CAPE COD REGION - Russell Norton, Horticulture and Agriculture Educator with Cape Cod Cooperative Extension, reporting from Barnstable.
• SOUTHEAST REGION - Brian McMahon, Arborist, reporting from the Dighton area.
• NORTH SHORE REGION - Geoffrey Njue, Green Industry Specialist, UMass Extension, reporting from the Long Hill Reservation, Beverly.
• EAST REGION - Kit Ganshaw & Sue Pfeiffer, Horticulturists reporting from the Boston area.
• METRO WEST REGION – Julie Coop, Forester, Massachusetts Department of Conservation & Recreation, reporting from Acton.
• CENTRAL REGION - Mark Richardson, Director of Horticulture reporting from New England Botanic Garden at Tower Hill, Boylston.
• PIONEER VALLEY REGION - Nick Brazee, Plant Pathologist, UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab, reporting from Amherst.
• BERKSHIRE REGION - Ron Kujawski, Horticultural Consultant, reporting from Great Barrington.

Woody Ornamentals

Diseases

Recent pests and pathogens of interest seen in the UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab, a select few:

• Stem and branch cankering of honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) caused by Thyronectria austroamericana. Numerous trees, approximately 40- to 60-years-old, planted in a row at a Veterans cemetery. The trees were established properly with exposed root flares and no girdling roots suspected. While from a distance the trees appear healthy, there are numerous cankers dispersed throughout the canopies. Smaller stems and branches have been girdled while larger diameter branches have rough and swollen perennial cankers with cracked bark surrounded by wound wood. Clusters of dark-colored fruiting bodies (perithecia) were present on several of the submitted stems and branches. Thyronectria austroamericana has a relatively narrow host range, attacking honey locust, black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus) and mimosa (Albizia julibrissin). The disease is considered uncommon in the northeast but has a long history in the region, having been reported from the Arnold Arboretum in the late 1930s.
• Beech leaf disease, caused by Litylenchus crenatae ssp. mccannii, on European beech (Fagus sylvatica). Mature tree that is >40-years-old and resides near a wooded area with rocky and compacted soils. Dark green, interveinal banding and convex cupping was observed on the submitted foliage. In addition, early senescence (yellowing) was present in the bands (see photos), which may be helpful for identifying BLD right now in the canopies of trees with light levels of infection. An increase in leaf carotenoids by the nematode may explain the bright yellow color within the bands. During the late summer and autumn season, the nematodes are migrating to nearby leaves and buds. It is within the buds that the nematode will overwinter and cause damage that will manifest as foliar symptoms in 2023.
• Needle browning and branch dieback of Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra ‘Glauca’) caused by Diplodia shoot and needle blight (Diplodia sapinea), Septorioides needle blight (Septorioides strobi), coniferous Fiorinia scale (Fiorinia japonica) and weevil infestation (Pissodes sp.). The tree is <10-years-old and has been present at the site for three years. The site is a botanical garden and is characterized as full sun with very dry, compacted clay soils and no supplemental irrigation. Site stress is undoubtedly linked to disease development, although Diplodia sapinea does have a wide host range among conifers. Swiss stone pine is an excellent landscape conifer worthy of wider planting. However, as a five-needle pine it is susceptible to the needle blight fungi that have plagued eastern white pine over the past decade.
• Scattered shoot tip and small branch dieback of umbrella pine (Sciadopitys verticillata) caused by Phomopsis. The tree is mature and resides in a mulched bed with full sun and drip irrigation. Beginning in 2021, scattered shoot and branch dieback was observed in the canopy. Submitted shoot tips had brown and wilted needles that were clearly harboring a fungal pathogen. After a short incubation, Phomopsis was abundant from the needles and stems. Umbrella pines have very few associated pathogens but when stressed can develop Phomopsis canker outbreaks. The lab has received an above-average number of samples this season.

Report by Nick Brazee, Plant Pathologist, UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab, UMass Amherst.

Insects

An Update about Neonicotinoid Use in Massachusetts:

Beginning July 1, 2022 systemic insecticide active ingredients known as neonicotinoids have become state restricted use for tree and shrub uses in Massachusetts. If an individual works in the commercial industry (landscapers, arborists, etc.), then a Commercial Certification License is needed. (Example: Category 36 Commercial Certification License, Shade Trees & Ornamentals.) Someone can use a state or federal restricted use pesticide if they have a Commercial Applicators License as long as they are working under the direct supervision of someone with a Commercial Certification. Unlicensed or uncertified individuals will no longer be able to apply neonicotinoids to manage insect pests of trees and shrubs in Massachusetts.

More information is available, here: https://www.mass.gov/service-details/pesticide-newsupdates

Helpful Information from Taryn LaScola-Miner, Director, Crop and Pest Services Division of the MA Department of Agricultural Resources:

“As you know, products that contain neonicotinoids and have certain use patterns will have a classification change from General Use to Restricted Use on July 1, 2022. In order to help inform the manufacturers, dealers, sellers and applicators of which products will be changing from general use to restricted use, the Department has created the list of neonicotinoid products that currently are and will become restricted use beginning July 1st. You may find the list at the link below. Please note that this list is subject to change.

Additionally, MDAR is anticipating that there will be more of a need for companies to follow the Direct Supervision regulations with this change. Therefore, MDAR has updated its Direct Supervision Frequently Asked Questions document as well.

Although an email will be sent to all licensed applicators within the next few weeks as a final reminder of the change, please pass this information along to your members and customers as an effort to make this transition as smooth as possible. If you have any questions, please let me know. Thank you!”

List of Neonicotinoid Products: https://www.mass.gov/doc/list-of-neonicotinoid-pesticides/download

Direct Supervision Frequently Asked Questions: https://www.mass.gov/doc/direct-supervision-frequently-asked-questions-faq/download

Insects and Other Arthropods

• Mosquitoes: The Massachusetts Department of Public Health (DPH) announced on 7/13/2022 that West Nile virus (WNV) had been detected in mosquitoes in Massachusetts for the first time in 2022. The presence of WNV was confirmed by the Massachusetts State Public Health Laboratory in a mosquito sample collected July 11th in the town of Easton, MA in Bristol County. More information about this detection is available here: https://www.mass.gov/news/state-public-health-officials-announce-seasons-first-west-nile-virus-positive-mosquito-sample-3 . Since then, additional mosquito samples have tested positive for the virus (WNV). On 9/26/2022 state health officials announced a fifth human case of West Nile Virus in Massachusetts for 2022: https://www.mass.gov/news/state-health-officials-announce-fifth-human-case-of-west-nile-virus-in-massachusetts . As of 10/4/2022, no eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) positive mosquito samples, human cases, or animal cases have been detected or reported by DPH. It remains important to continue to protect yourself from mosquito bites until the first hard frost.

According to the Massachusetts Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Science and the Department of Public Health, there are at least 51 different species of mosquito found in Massachusetts. Mosquitoes belong to the Order Diptera (true flies) and the Family Culicidae (mosquitoes). As such, they undergo complete metamorphosis, and possess four major life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Adult mosquitoes are the only stage that flies and many female mosquitoes only live for 2 weeks (although the life cycle and timing will depend upon the species). Only female mosquitoes bite to take a blood meal, and this is so they can make eggs. Mosquitoes need water to lay their eggs in, so they are often found in wet or damp locations and around plants. Different species prefer different habitats. It is possible to be bitten by a mosquito at any time of the day, and again timing depends upon the species. Many are particularly active from just before dusk, through the night, and until dawn. Mosquito bites are not only itchy and annoying, but they can be associated with greater health risks. Certain mosquitoes vector pathogens that cause diseases such as West Nile virus (WNV) and eastern equine encephalitis (EEE). For local risk levels of WNV and EEE based on state sampling, visit: https://www.mass.gov/info-details/massachusetts-arbovirus-update.  

For more information about mosquitoes in Massachusetts, visit: https://www.mass.gov/service-details/mosquitoes-in-massachusetts

There are ways to protect yourself against mosquitoes, including wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants, keeping mosquitoes outside by using tight-fitting window and door screens, and using insect repellents as directed. Products containing the active ingredients DEET, permethrin, IR3535, picaridin, and oil of lemon eucalyptus provide protection against mosquitoes. Be aware that not all of these can be safely used on young children. Read and follow all label instructions for safety and proper use.

For more information about mosquito repellents, visit: https://www.mass.gov/service-details/mosquito-repellents and https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/mosquito-bites/prevent-mosquito-bites.html .

• Deer Tick/Blacklegged Tick: Ixodes scapularis adults are active all winter and spring, as they typically are from October through May, and “quest” or search for hosts at any point when daytime temperatures are above freezing. Engorged females survive the winter and will lay 1,500+ eggs in the forest leaf litter beginning around Memorial Day (late May). Larvae are encountered in New England from roughly May through November, with peak risk reported in August. Nymphs are encountered from April through July with a peak risk reported in June in New England. Nymphs may also be encountered again in October and November. For images of all deer tick life stages, along with an outline of the diseases they carry, visit: https://web.uri.edu/tickencounter/species/blacklegged-tick/ .

Anyone working in the yard and garden should be aware that there is the potential to encounter deer ticks. The deer tick or blacklegged tick can transmit Lyme disease, human babesiosis, human anaplasmosis, and other diseases. Preventative activities, such as daily tick checks, wearing appropriate clothing, and permethrin treatments for clothing (according to label instructions) can aid in reducing the risk that a tick will become attached to your body. If a tick cannot attach and feed, it will not transmit disease. For more information about personal protective measures, visit: https://web.uri.edu/tickencounter/prevention/protect-yourself/

The Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment provides a list of potential tick identification and testing resources here: https://ag.umass.edu/resources/tick-testing-resources .

• Wasps/Hornets: Paper wasp and aerial yellowjacket nests are abandoned at the end of the season, and all individuals perish with the frost with the exception of fertilized females (queens) which will overwinter in the leaf litter and other sheltered areas. On any remaining warm days, aerial yellowjackets, in particular, may be extra aggressive in search of food and drink items that we enjoy too. Take care when eating outside until frost. 

Many wasps are predators of other arthropods, including pest insects such as certain caterpillars that feed on trees and shrubs. Adult wasps hunt prey and bring it back to their nest where young are being reared, as food for the immature wasps. A common such example are the paper wasps (Polistes spp.) who rear their young on chewed up insects. They may be seen searching plants for caterpillars and other soft-bodied larvae to feed their young. Paper wasps can sting, and will defend their nests, which are open-celled paper nests that are not covered with a papery “envelope”. These open-celled nests may be seen hanging from eaves or other outdoor building structures. Aerial yellow jackets and hornets create large aerial nests that are covered with a papery shell or “envelope”. Common yellow jacket species include those in the genus Vespula. Dolichovespula maculata is commonly known as the baldfaced hornet, although it is not a true hornet. The European hornet (Vespa crabro) is three times the size of a yellow jacket and may be confused for the northern* giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia). The European hornet is known to Massachusetts, but the northern giant hornet is not. If you are concerned that you have found or photographed a northern giant hornet, please report it here: https://massnrc.org/pests/report.aspx . A helpful ID tool, although developed for Texas by the USDA, depicts common look-a-like species that we also have in MA that can be confused for the northern giant hornet and is found here: https://agrilife.org/lubbock/files/2020/05/Asian_Giant_Hornet_Look-alikes_101_Xanthe_Shirley.pdf . Paper wasps and aerial yellowjackets overwinter as fertilized females (queens) and a single female produces a new nest annually in the late spring. Queens start new nests, lay eggs, and rear new wasps to assist in colony/nest development. Nests are abandoned at the end of the season. Some people are allergic to stinging insects, so care should be taken around wasp/hornet nests. Unlike the European honeybee (Apis mellifera), wasps and hornets do not have barbed stingers, and therefore can sting repeatedly when defending their nests. It is best to avoid them, and if that cannot be done and assistance is needed to remove them, consult a professional.

*For more information about the recent common name change for Vespa mandarinia, please visit: https://entsoc.org/news/press-releases/northern-giant-hornet-common-name-vespa-mandarinia

 

Woody ornamental insect and non-insect arthropod pests to consider, a selected few:

Invasive Insects & Other Organisms Update:

 

• Spotted Lanternfly: (Lycorma delicatula, SLF) is a non-native, invasive insect that feeds on over 103 species of plants, including many trees and shrubs that are important in our landscapes.

In the beginning of August 2022, the MA Department of Agricultural Resources (MDAR) announced an additional detection of an established population of the spotted lanternfly in Springfield, MA. MDAR is urging the public to be on the lookout for this pest, especially if they live or work in the Springfield area, and to report it immediately. For more information about the detection in Springfield, visit: https://www.mass.gov/news/state-agricultural-officials-ask-residents-to-report-sightings-of-the-invasive-spotted-lanternfly . In September 2022, the city of Worcester, MA announced a small, satellite population of the spotted lanternfly was confirmed by MDAR in Worcester: https://www.worcesterma.gov/announcements/residents-asked-to-report-sightings-of-invasive-spotted-lanternfly-recently-detected-in-worcester .

Currently, the only established populations of spotted lanternfly in Massachusetts are in Fitchburg, Shrewsbury, and Worcester, MA (Worcester County) and Springfield, MA (Hampden County). Therefore, there is no reason to be preemptively treating for this insect in other areas of Massachusetts. If you suspect you have found spotted lanternfly in additional locations, please report it immediately to MDAR here: https://massnrc.org/pests/slfreport.aspx . If you are living and working in the Fitchburg, Shrewsbury, and Springfield areas, please be vigilant and continue to report anything suspicious. If you are living and working in the Fitchburg, Shrewsbury, Worcester, and Springfield areas, please be vigilant and continue to report anything suspicious.

For More Information:

From UMass Extension:

Check out the InsectXaminer Episode about spotted lanternfly adults and egg masses! Available here: https://ag.umass.edu/landscape/education-events/insectxaminer

Fact Sheet: https://ag.umass.edu/landscape/fact-sheets/spotted-lanternfly

*NEW*: Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment: https://ag.umass.edu/news-events/highlights/spotting-spotted-lanternfly

From the MA Department of Agricultural Resources:

Fact Sheet and Map of Locations in MA: https://massnrc.org/pests/pestFAQsheets/spottedlanternfly.html

• Asian Longhorned Beetle: (Anoplophora glabripennis, ALB) Look for signs of an ALB infestation which include perfectly round exit holes (about the size of a dime), shallow oval or round scars in the bark where a female has chewed an egg site, or sawdust-like frass (excrement) on the ground nearby host trees or caught in between branches. Be advised that other, native insects may create perfectly round exit holes or sawdust-like frass, which can be confused with signs of ALB activity.

The regulated area for Asian longhorned beetle is 110 square miles encompassing Worcester, Shrewsbury, Boylston, West Boylston, and parts of Holden and Auburn. If you believe you have seen damage caused by this insect, such as exit holes or egg sites, on susceptible host trees like maple, please call the Asian Longhorned Beetle Eradication Program office in Worcester, MA at 508-852-8090 or toll free at 1-866-702-9938.

To report an Asian longhorned beetle find online or compare it to common insect look-alikes, visit: http://massnrc.org/pests/albreport.aspx or https://www.aphis.usda.gov/pests-diseases/alb/report .

• Brown Marmorated Stink Bug: (Halyomorpha halys; BMSB) is a non-native insect first detected in the United States in 1998 in Allentown, PA. This insect was accidentally introduced from Asia. It was first detected in MA in 2007. It has since been reported in multiple counties of MA, but at this time, BMSB is not yet a significant pest of agricultural crops in Massachusetts as it has been in other areas of the United States. BMSB attacks a broad variety of plants, including fruit crops and shade trees. Host plants include but are not limited to: peach, apple, pear, maples, dogwoods, butterfly bush, and vegetable crops. A more comprehensive list of hosts may be found here: https://www.stopbmsb.org/where-is-bmsb/host-plants/ . Brown marmorated stink bugs can be distinguished from native stink bugs by the white bands on the antennae and alternating white and dark bands at the rear edge of the abdomen. Adults emerge around April from their overwintering locations. Females can lay approximately 500 eggs during their lifetime, in clusters of 30 eggs or so at a time, roughly from June-August. Eggs hatch and the immature insects (the nymphs) undergo 5 instars. Adults can be nuisance insects as they become fall home invaders, roughly by the end of September and into October, seeking sheltered locations to overwinter.

More information about BMSB can be found at: https://www.massnrc.org/pests/pestFAQsheets/brownmarmoratedstinkbug.html .

• Browntail Moth: Euproctis chrysorrhoea is an invasive insect originating from Europe and first detected in the US in Somerville, MA in 1897. Currently, browntail moth is limited to a small portion of eastern Massachusetts, particularly areas near the coast.  Report suspected browntail moth life stages here: https://massnrc.org/pests/pestreports.htm . Due to a persistent outbreak of this insect in Maine since approximately 2016, it is a good idea for us to again familiarize ourselves with this pest. 

Now is the time of year where professionals and homeowners can be on the lookout for browntail moth “winter webs”. These are the webs within which the caterpillars which hatched from eggs laid in 2022 will spend the winter, often at the very tips of host plant branches (ex. red oak or apple). For an excellent video of browntail moth winter webs and what to look for from the Maine Forest Service, visit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6VmwsXE3lg . Anyone who sees browntail moth winter webs in Massachusetts should report them to the link above.

Caution: hairs found on the caterpillar and pupal life stages of this insect can cause a rash similar to poison ivy. Some individuals are very sensitive to browntail moth hairs and may also experience allergic reaction. The chance of interacting with browntail moth hairs increases between May and July, although they could be a problem at any time of year.

• Emerald Ash Borer: (Agrilus planipennis, EAB) has been detected in at least 11 out of the 14 counties in Massachusetts. A map of these locations across the state may be found here: https://ag.umass.edu/fact-sheets/emerald-ash-borer . Additional information about this insect is provided by the MA Department of Conservation and Recreation, here:https://arcg.is/j8TiD .

This wood-boring beetle readily attacks ash (Fraxinus spp.) including white, green, and black ash and has also been found developing in white fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus) and has been reported in cultivated olive (Olea europaea). Signs of an EAB infested tree may include D-shaped exit holes in the bark (from adult emergence), “blonding” or lighter coloration of the ash bark from woodpecker feeding (chipping away of the bark as they search for larvae beneath), and serpentine galleries visible through splits in the bark, from larval feeding beneath. It is interesting to note that woodpeckers are capable of eating 30-95% of the emerald ash borer larvae found in a single tree (Murphy et al. 2018). Unfortunately, despite high predation rates, EAB populations continue to grow. However, there is hope that biological control efforts will eventually catch up with the emerald ash borer population and preserve some of our native ash tree species for the future. For an update about the progress of the biological control of emerald ash borer, visit Dr. Joseph Elkinton’s archived 2022 webinar available here: https://ag.umass.edu/landscape/education-events/invasive-insect-webinars .

• Jumping Worms: Amynthas spp. earthworms, collectively referred to as “jumping or crazy or snake” worms, overwinter as eggs in tiny, mustard-seed sized cocoons found in the soil or other substrate (ex. compost) that are impossible to remove. Adult and juvenile jumping worms are killed with the frost and do not overwinter.

For More Information:

UMass Extension Fact Sheets:

*NEW* Resource with Over 70 Questions and their Answers: Invasive Jumping Worm Frequently Asked Questions:

https://ag.umass.edu/landscape/fact-sheets/invasive-jumping-worm-frequently-asked-questions

Earthworms in Massachusetts – History, Concerns, and Benefits: https://ag.umass.edu/landscape/fact-sheets/earthworms-in-massachusetts-history-concerns-benefits

Jumping/Crazy/Snake Worms – Amynthas spp.:

https://ag.umass.edu/landscape/fact-sheets/jumpingcrazysnake-worms-amynthas-spp

A Summary of the Information Shared at UMass Extension’s Jumping Worm Conference in January 2022:

https://ag.umass.edu/news-events/highlights/jumping-worms-conference

 

Tree & Shrub Insect Pests, Continued:

• Fall Home-Invading Insects: Various insects, such as ladybugs, boxelder bugs, seedbugs, and stink bugs (including the invasive brown marmorated stink bug; see entry above) will seek overwintering shelters in warm places, such as homes, throughout the next couple of months. While such invaders do not cause any structural damage, they can become a nuisance especially when they are present in large numbers. A vacuum with a bag that can be emptied is a handy way to dispose of any such unwanted invaders.
• Fall Webworm: Hyphantria cunea is native to North America and Mexico. It is now considered a world-wide pest, as it has spread throughout much of Europe and Asia. (For example, it was introduced accidentally into Hungary from North America in the 1940’s.) Hosts include nearly all shade, fruit, and ornamental trees except conifers. In the USA, at least 88 species of trees are hosts for these insects, while in Europe at least 230 species are impacted. In the past history of this pest, it was once thought that the fall webworm was a two-species complex. It is now thought that H. cunea has two color morphs – one black headed and one red headed. These two color forms differ not only in the coloration of the caterpillars and the adults, but also in their behaviors. Caterpillars may go through at least 11 molts, each stage occurring within a silken web they produce over the host. When alarmed, all caterpillars in the group will move in unison in jerking motions that may be a mechanism for self-defense. Depending upon the location and climate, 1-4 generations of fall webworm can occur per year. Fall webworm adult moths lay eggs on the underside of the leaves of host plants in the spring. These eggs hatch in late June or early July depending on climate. Young larvae feed together in groups on the undersides of leaves, first skeletonizing the leaf and then enveloping other leaves and eventually entire branches within their webs. Tiny, early instar (black-headed) fall webworm caterpillars were observed feeding on birch in Hampshire County, MA on 7/5/2022. At this size, caterpillars skeletonize the leaves as they feed. Webs are typically found on the terminal ends of branches. All caterpillar activity occurs within this tent, which becomes filled with leaf fragments, cast skins, and frass. Fully grown larvae then wander from the webs and pupate in protected areas such as the leaf litter where they will remain for the winter. Adult fall webworm moths emerge the following spring/early summer to start the cycle over again. 50+ species of parasites and 36+ species of predators are known to attack fall webworm in North America. Fall webworms typically do not cause extensive damage to their hosts. Nests may be an aesthetic issue for some. If in reach, small fall webworm webs may be pruned out of trees and shrubs and destroyed. Do not set fire to H. cunea webs when they are still attached to the host plant.

• Hemlock Woolly Adelgid: Adelges tsugae is present on eastern and Carolina hemlock. The overwintering hemlock woolly adelgid generation (sistens) is present through mid-spring and produces the spring generation (progrediens) which will be present from early spring through mid-summer. HWA, unlike many other insects, does most of its feeding over the winter. Eggs may be found in wooly masses at the base of hemlock needles beginning in mid-March. Each wooly mass is created by a female who may then lay 50-300 eggs. Eggs hatch and crawlers may be found from mid-March through mid-July. Infested trees may be treated with foliar sprays in late April to early May, using Japanese quince as a phenological indicator. Systemic* applications may be made in the spring and fall, or when soil conditions are favorable for translocation to foliage. Nitrogen fertilizer applications may make hemlock woolly adelgid infestations worse.

*UMass Extension has recently received questions about systemic active ingredient options that may be used to manage hemlock woolly adelgid as an alternative to neonicotinoid insecticides. A couple of options include but are not limited to: abamectin (avermectin/milbemycin), acephate (organophosphate), and azadirachtin (unknown/uncertain mode of action). General use products are available, and each of these active ingredients are labeled for use on trees and/or shrubs. Many products are labeled for use against hemlock woolly adelgid or adelgids.

Of these active ingredients, azadirachtin is considered to be reduced risk. It is generally considered a safe option for honeybees and other beneficial insects, however some products state that azadirachtin is toxic to fish and other aquatic invertebrates (and as such, the products come with special instructions for precautions when using them near water).

Unlike the neonicotinoids (dinotefuran and imidacloprid, primarily), these systemic active ingredient alternatives do not have efficacy data for the management of hemlock woolly adelgid readily available in the scientific literature. Further research concerning abamectin, acephate, and azadiractin (as well as chlorantraniliprole, a ryanodine receptor modulator/diamide/anthranilic diamide) and their efficacy against hemlock woolly adelgid is needed (McCarty and Addesso, 2019).

Additionally, do not forget that during drought conditions, systemic applications may prove difficult. It is important to follow proper watering practices for high value trees and shrubs in the landscape (while observing local watering restrictions). Watering after systemic applications may improve tree uptake. Follow all label instructions for safety and proper use.

• Hickory Tussock Moth: Lophocampa caryae is native to southern Canada and the northeastern United States. There is one generation per year. Overwintering occurs as a pupa inside a fuzzy, oval shaped cocoon. Adult moths emerge approximately in May and their presence can continue into July. Females will lay clusters of 100+ eggs together on the underside of leaves. Females of this species can fly, however they have been called weak fliers due to their large size. When first hatched from their eggs, the young caterpillars will feed gregariously in a group, eventually dispersing and heading out on their own to forage. Caterpillar maturity can take up to three months and color changes occur during this time. These caterpillars are essentially white with some black markings and a black head capsule. They are very hairy, and should not be handled with bare hands as many people can have skin irritation or rashes (dermatitis) as a result of interacting with hickory tussock moth hairs. By late September, the caterpillars will create their oval, fuzzy cocoons hidden in the leaf litter where they will again overwinter. Wandering hickory tussock moth caterpillars are still seen in certain locations in Hampden County, MA as of 10/3/2022. They will soon settle down in sheltered locations to overwinter. Hosts whose leaves are fed upon by these caterpillars include but are not limited to hickory, walnut, butternut, linden, apple, basswood, birch, elm, black locust, and aspen. Maple and oak have also been reportedly fed upon by this insect. Several wasp species are parasitoids of hickory tussock moth caterpillars.

• Lace Bugs: Stephanitis spp. lace bugs such as S. pyriodes can cause severe injury to azalea foliage. S. rhododendri can be common on rhododendron and mountain laurel. S. takeyai has been found developing on Japanese andromeda, leucothoe, styrax, and willow. Stephanitis spp. lace bug activity should be monitored through September. Certain azalea and andromeda cultivars may be less preferred by lace bugs.

Certain species of lace bugs in the genus Corythucha are pests of deciduous host plants including many species of trees and shrubs. The sycamore lace bug (C. ciliata) is a common pest on sycamore. Adults overwinter beneath the exfoliated bark of its host and are active by the time leaves develop in the spring. Eggs are attached to the underside of host plant leaves with a brown, sticky substance, hidden within the leaf hairs. In approximately a few days, eggs hatch and nymphs (immatures) feed on the underside of sycamore leaves. Nymphs are spiny and black and look very different from the adults. It takes approximately 30 days to go from egg to adulthood. Two or more generations occur annually, but in Maryland there may be up to 5. By late summer, all life stages may be present on the leaf undersides of sycamore, including black, tar-like excrement, as seen in these photos from 9/28/2022 in Hampden County, MA. This species has also been collected from ash and hickory in the southern part of its range.

• Redheaded Pine Sawfly: Neodiprion lecontei can be an important native pest of ornamental, forest, and plantation pines. Jack, shortleaf, loblolly, slash, red, and other two- and three-needle pines are suitable hosts, and occasionally others in proximity to these. This insect overwinters as a prepupa in a cocoon in the leaf litter near its hosts. Pupation occurs in the spring and adults emerge a few weeks later. Some prepupae have delayed emergence, which can occur 2 or 3 years later. Females lay over 100 eggs in rows of slits in the edges of several needles. Egg laying can take place without mating, with unfertilized eggs producing males. Fertilized eggs produce males and females. Larvae hatch in a month and feed gregariously. Eventually, they drop to the ground to spin the overwintering cocoons. Historically in New England, a single generation occurred per year. In more southern parts of its range, 2-3 generations may occur annually. Anecdotally, as the growing season and winters warm in New England due to climate change, it seems a second generation of this insect is possible and may already be occurring. Natural enemies include rodent predators of the pupae, as well as diseases of the larvae. Larvae were found defoliating Pinus x densithunbergii ‘Jane Kluis’ in Florence, MA on 9/10/2022 (Photos courtesy of Daniel Lyons).

• Sweetgum Scale: Diaspidiotus liquidambaris is a native armored scale insect known from much of North America. It has been observed in CT, DC, DE, FL, GA, IL, IN, LA, MD, MO, MS, NC, NJ, NY, OH, PA, SC, TN, and VA (Miller and Davidson, 2005). This species has a limited host range, favoring sweetgum (Liquidambar) and has been examined on magnolia (Magnolia). Historically, it has also been reported on Acer. Adult female covers are circular, white or gray, with a yellow center and a thin white margin of wax. Male covers are oval, white and yellow. Scales may be found on stems and leaves. Small gall-like depressions are formed on leaf undersides where scales are feeding. Magnification is required to observe the scales themselves. Female and male scales as well as the gall-like formations they cause on the upper surface of sweetgum leaves are shown in these photographs of samples from South Hadley, MA collected on 9/19/2022 and submitted to the UMass Plant Diagnostics Laboratory (Photos: Tawny Simisky).

The sweetgum scale is known to have two generations per year in Maryland. The exact timing of the life cycle in Massachusetts may not be entirely understood. Fertilized adult females overwinter on host plant bark in Maryland. Eggs and crawlers (mobile immature life stage) are present from mid-May through June. Many of these crawlers will settle on host plant leaves. Adults are present by mid-June. A second generation of crawlers may be possible from early July to early October. Most of the second generation crawlers are thought to settle on the host plant bark. Second generation adults may appear in early September. Adult males are winged in the first generation and wingless in the second. In Ohio, unmated adult females and pupal males at the base of twig buds overwinter and crawlers appear in early June - so life cycle differences exist depending upon location.

This insect produces galls on the upper leaf surfaces of its host that can be unsightly to some. Historically, this scale has been reported to have economic impacts on its host in Florida and may be a pest of nurseries in Missouri. Miller and Davidson (2005) rate the sweetgum scale as an occasional pest. In low populations, this insect is a minor pest. If populations become high, leaf yellowing and drop can occur. However, management may not be necessary.

Concerned that you may have found an invasive insect or suspicious damage caused by one? Need to report a pest sighting? If so, please visit the Massachusetts Introduced Pests Outreach Project: http://massnrc.org/pests/pestreports.htm .

Reported by Tawny Simisky, Extension Entomologist, UMass Extension Landscape, Nursery, & Urban Forestry Program

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UMass Laboratory Diagnoses Landscape and Turf Problems - The UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab is available to serve commercial landscape contractors, turf managers, arborists, nurseries and other green industry professionals. It provides woody plant and turf disease analysis, woody plant and turf insect identification, turfgrass identification, weed identification, and offers a report of pest management strategies that are research based, economically sound and environmentally appropriate for the situation. Accurate diagnosis for a turf or landscape problem can often eliminate or reduce the need for pesticide use. For sampling procedures, detailed submission instructions and a list of fees, see Plant Diagnostic Laboratory

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Tick Testing - The UMass Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment provides a list of potential tick identification and testing options at: https://ag.umass.edu/resources/tick-testing-resources.

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